Global Burden of Allergies: Mechanisms of Development, Challenges in Diagnosis, and Treatment
Allergic diseases represent a major and growing global health concern, with increasing prevalence among both children and adults. This manuscript presents an extensive review of allergy mechanisms, epidemiology, diagnostics, and clinical challenges, highlighting the complex interplay between immune...
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| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/6/878 |
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| author | Ewa Alska Agata Doligalska Katarzyna Napiórkowska-Baran Marcin Dolina Karolina Osińska Anastazja Pilichowicz Aleksandra Wojtkiewicz Justyna Julia Kaczor Bartłomiej Szymczak Zbigniew Bartuzi |
| author_facet | Ewa Alska Agata Doligalska Katarzyna Napiórkowska-Baran Marcin Dolina Karolina Osińska Anastazja Pilichowicz Aleksandra Wojtkiewicz Justyna Julia Kaczor Bartłomiej Szymczak Zbigniew Bartuzi |
| author_sort | Ewa Alska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Allergic diseases represent a major and growing global health concern, with increasing prevalence among both children and adults. This manuscript presents an extensive review of allergy mechanisms, epidemiology, diagnostics, and clinical challenges, highlighting the complex interplay between immune system dysregulation and environmental exposures. The authors provide a structured analysis of hypersensitivity types, with particular focus on IgE-mediated responses, and emphasize the role of immune barrier defects, epigenetics, and the microbiota in allergic pathogenesis. This manuscript explores diagnostic limitations, including test sensitivity, specificity, and the presence of hidden allergens, as well as challenges in identifying food-related or atypical allergic reactions. A novel and valuable aspect is the discussion of allergy as a potential clinical manifestation of primary immunodeficiencies, such as selective IgA deficiency, Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome, hyper-IgE syndrome, and Netherton syndrome. This review also outlines challenges in treatment, especially among polysensitized patients, and examines the psychosocial burden and complications of allergic diseases, including mental health, nutritional deficiencies, and impaired sleep. This comprehensive synthesis underscores the need for early diagnosis, multidisciplinary management, and personalized therapeutic strategies to improve quality of life of allergic patients. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-23d15cbc82fc48a3b1d2db605c1c8c7d |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2075-1729 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Life |
| spelling | doaj-art-23d15cbc82fc48a3b1d2db605c1c8c7d2025-08-20T02:21:07ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292025-05-0115687810.3390/life15060878Global Burden of Allergies: Mechanisms of Development, Challenges in Diagnosis, and TreatmentEwa Alska0Agata Doligalska1Katarzyna Napiórkowska-Baran2Marcin Dolina3Karolina Osińska4Anastazja Pilichowicz5Aleksandra Wojtkiewicz6Justyna Julia Kaczor7Bartłomiej Szymczak8Zbigniew Bartuzi9Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University Torun, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, PolandStudent Research Club of Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University Torun, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, PolandDepartment of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University Torun, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, PolandStudent Research Club of Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University Torun, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, PolandStudent Research Club of Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University Torun, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, PolandStudent Research Club of Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University Torun, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, PolandStudent Research Club of Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University Torun, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, PolandStudent Research Club of Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University Torun, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, PolandDepartment of Internal Medicine, Jan Biziel University Hospital No. 2 in Bydgoszcz, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, PolandDepartment of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University Torun, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, PolandAllergic diseases represent a major and growing global health concern, with increasing prevalence among both children and adults. This manuscript presents an extensive review of allergy mechanisms, epidemiology, diagnostics, and clinical challenges, highlighting the complex interplay between immune system dysregulation and environmental exposures. The authors provide a structured analysis of hypersensitivity types, with particular focus on IgE-mediated responses, and emphasize the role of immune barrier defects, epigenetics, and the microbiota in allergic pathogenesis. This manuscript explores diagnostic limitations, including test sensitivity, specificity, and the presence of hidden allergens, as well as challenges in identifying food-related or atypical allergic reactions. A novel and valuable aspect is the discussion of allergy as a potential clinical manifestation of primary immunodeficiencies, such as selective IgA deficiency, Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome, hyper-IgE syndrome, and Netherton syndrome. This review also outlines challenges in treatment, especially among polysensitized patients, and examines the psychosocial burden and complications of allergic diseases, including mental health, nutritional deficiencies, and impaired sleep. This comprehensive synthesis underscores the need for early diagnosis, multidisciplinary management, and personalized therapeutic strategies to improve quality of life of allergic patients.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/6/878allergyhypersensitivityprimary immunodeficienciesallergens |
| spellingShingle | Ewa Alska Agata Doligalska Katarzyna Napiórkowska-Baran Marcin Dolina Karolina Osińska Anastazja Pilichowicz Aleksandra Wojtkiewicz Justyna Julia Kaczor Bartłomiej Szymczak Zbigniew Bartuzi Global Burden of Allergies: Mechanisms of Development, Challenges in Diagnosis, and Treatment Life allergy hypersensitivity primary immunodeficiencies allergens |
| title | Global Burden of Allergies: Mechanisms of Development, Challenges in Diagnosis, and Treatment |
| title_full | Global Burden of Allergies: Mechanisms of Development, Challenges in Diagnosis, and Treatment |
| title_fullStr | Global Burden of Allergies: Mechanisms of Development, Challenges in Diagnosis, and Treatment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Global Burden of Allergies: Mechanisms of Development, Challenges in Diagnosis, and Treatment |
| title_short | Global Burden of Allergies: Mechanisms of Development, Challenges in Diagnosis, and Treatment |
| title_sort | global burden of allergies mechanisms of development challenges in diagnosis and treatment |
| topic | allergy hypersensitivity primary immunodeficiencies allergens |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/6/878 |
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