Sensing Lunar Dust Density Using Radio Science Signals of Opportunity

Previous lunar missions, such as Surveyor, Apollo, and the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE), have played a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of the lunar exosphere’s dynamics and its relationship with solar wind flux. The insights gained from these missions have laid...

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Main Authors: Kamal Oudrhiri, Yu-Ming Yang, Daniel Erwin
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Remote Sensing
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/11/1940
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author Kamal Oudrhiri
Yu-Ming Yang
Daniel Erwin
author_facet Kamal Oudrhiri
Yu-Ming Yang
Daniel Erwin
author_sort Kamal Oudrhiri
collection DOAJ
description Previous lunar missions, such as Surveyor, Apollo, and the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE), have played a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of the lunar exosphere’s dynamics and its relationship with solar wind flux. The insights gained from these missions have laid a strong foundation for our current knowledge. However, due to insufficient near-surface observations, the scientific community has faced challenges in interpreting the phenomena of lunar dust lofting and levitation. This paper introduces the concept of signals of opportunity (SoOP), which utilizes radio occultation (RO) to retrieve the near-surface dust density profile on the Moon. Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) radio science beacon (RSB) signals are used to demonstrate this method. By mapping the concentration of lunar near-surface dust using RO, we aim to enhance our understanding of how charged lunar dust interacts with surrounding plasma, thereby contributing to future research in this field and supporting human exploration of the Moon. Additionally, the introduced SoOP will be able to provide observational constraints to physical model development related to lunar surface particle sputtering and the reactions of near-surface dust in the presence of solar wind and electrostatically charged dust grains.
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spelling doaj-art-2384786fa84746f5a76dc97a5c763e2d2025-08-20T02:23:00ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922025-06-011711194010.3390/rs17111940Sensing Lunar Dust Density Using Radio Science Signals of OpportunityKamal Oudrhiri0Yu-Ming Yang1Daniel Erwin2Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USADepartment of Astronautical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USAPrevious lunar missions, such as Surveyor, Apollo, and the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE), have played a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of the lunar exosphere’s dynamics and its relationship with solar wind flux. The insights gained from these missions have laid a strong foundation for our current knowledge. However, due to insufficient near-surface observations, the scientific community has faced challenges in interpreting the phenomena of lunar dust lofting and levitation. This paper introduces the concept of signals of opportunity (SoOP), which utilizes radio occultation (RO) to retrieve the near-surface dust density profile on the Moon. Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) radio science beacon (RSB) signals are used to demonstrate this method. By mapping the concentration of lunar near-surface dust using RO, we aim to enhance our understanding of how charged lunar dust interacts with surrounding plasma, thereby contributing to future research in this field and supporting human exploration of the Moon. Additionally, the introduced SoOP will be able to provide observational constraints to physical model development related to lunar surface particle sputtering and the reactions of near-surface dust in the presence of solar wind and electrostatically charged dust grains.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/11/1940lunar dustlunar exosphereradio occultationGRAIL sciencelunar surface science
spellingShingle Kamal Oudrhiri
Yu-Ming Yang
Daniel Erwin
Sensing Lunar Dust Density Using Radio Science Signals of Opportunity
Remote Sensing
lunar dust
lunar exosphere
radio occultation
GRAIL science
lunar surface science
title Sensing Lunar Dust Density Using Radio Science Signals of Opportunity
title_full Sensing Lunar Dust Density Using Radio Science Signals of Opportunity
title_fullStr Sensing Lunar Dust Density Using Radio Science Signals of Opportunity
title_full_unstemmed Sensing Lunar Dust Density Using Radio Science Signals of Opportunity
title_short Sensing Lunar Dust Density Using Radio Science Signals of Opportunity
title_sort sensing lunar dust density using radio science signals of opportunity
topic lunar dust
lunar exosphere
radio occultation
GRAIL science
lunar surface science
url https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/11/1940
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