Transcriptomic Regulatory Mechanisms of Isoflavone Biosynthesis in <i>Trifolium pratense</i>

Isoflavones are important secondary metabolites in leguminous plants with significant physiological functions and economic value. However, the genetic variation, transcriptional regulation, and metabolic pathways governing isoflavone biosynthesis in <i>Trifolium pratense</i> remain large...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Kefan Cao, Sijing Wang, Huimin Zhang, Yiming Ma, Qian Wu, Fan Huang, Mingjiu Wang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:Agronomy
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/5/1061
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
_version_ 1850127283797360640
author Kefan Cao
Sijing Wang
Huimin Zhang
Yiming Ma
Qian Wu
Fan Huang
Mingjiu Wang
author_facet Kefan Cao
Sijing Wang
Huimin Zhang
Yiming Ma
Qian Wu
Fan Huang
Mingjiu Wang
author_sort Kefan Cao
collection DOAJ
description Isoflavones are important secondary metabolites in leguminous plants with significant physiological functions and economic value. However, the genetic variation, transcriptional regulation, and metabolic pathways governing isoflavone biosynthesis in <i>Trifolium pratense</i> remain largely unexplored. In this study, we systematically analyzed 500 accessions of <i>T. pratense</i> for isoflavone content and performed RNA-seq-based transcriptomic profiling to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying isoflavone biosynthesis. Cluster analysis revealed significant genetic variation, with distinct transcriptional profiles between high- (H1, H2, H3) and low-isoflavone (L1, L2, L3) groups. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses identified key metabolic pathways, including phenylpropanoid metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and hormone signaling, which play crucial roles in isoflavone regulation. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified three key gene modules—MEblue, MEturquoise, and MEyellow—strongly correlated with isoflavone content. The MEturquoise and MEyellow modules were upregulated in high-isoflavone groups and were enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, and transcriptional regulation, suggesting that these pathways actively promote isoflavone accumulation. Conversely, the MEblue module, highly expressed in low-isoflavone groups, was enriched in sugar metabolism and MAPK signaling, indicating a potential metabolic flux shift away from secondary metabolism. Moreover, key rate-limiting enzymes (PAL, C4H, 4CL, CHS, and IFS) exhibited higher expression in high-isoflavone groups, highlighting their importance in precursor supply and enzymatic catalysis. Additionally, transcription factors such as MYB, WRKY, and NAC were identified as potential regulators of isoflavone biosynthesis, indicating a complex interplay between hormonal, circadian, and environmental signals. This study provides a comprehensive molecular framework for understanding isoflavone biosynthesis in <i>T. pratense</i> and identifies key regulatory genes and metabolic pathways that could be targeted for genetic improvement, metabolic engineering, and molecular breeding. The findings offer valuable insights into enhancing isoflavone production in legumes for agricultural, nutritional, and pharmaceutical applications.
format Article
id doaj-art-234ccb6f211c44b4be95d778b4ead4a1
institution OA Journals
issn 2073-4395
language English
publishDate 2025-04-01
publisher MDPI AG
record_format Article
series Agronomy
spelling doaj-art-234ccb6f211c44b4be95d778b4ead4a12025-08-20T02:33:43ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952025-04-01155106110.3390/agronomy15051061Transcriptomic Regulatory Mechanisms of Isoflavone Biosynthesis in <i>Trifolium pratense</i>Kefan Cao0Sijing Wang1Huimin Zhang2Yiming Ma3Qian Wu4Fan Huang5Mingjiu Wang6College of Grassland Science/Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, ChinaYinshanbeilu Grassland Eco-Hydrology National Observation and Research Station, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, ChinaCollege of Grassland Science/Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, ChinaCollege of Grassland Science/Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, ChinaCollege of Grassland Science/Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, ChinaInstitute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, 120 Wulanchabu East Street, Saihan District, Hohhot 010010, ChinaCollege of Grassland Science/Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, ChinaIsoflavones are important secondary metabolites in leguminous plants with significant physiological functions and economic value. However, the genetic variation, transcriptional regulation, and metabolic pathways governing isoflavone biosynthesis in <i>Trifolium pratense</i> remain largely unexplored. In this study, we systematically analyzed 500 accessions of <i>T. pratense</i> for isoflavone content and performed RNA-seq-based transcriptomic profiling to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying isoflavone biosynthesis. Cluster analysis revealed significant genetic variation, with distinct transcriptional profiles between high- (H1, H2, H3) and low-isoflavone (L1, L2, L3) groups. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses identified key metabolic pathways, including phenylpropanoid metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and hormone signaling, which play crucial roles in isoflavone regulation. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified three key gene modules—MEblue, MEturquoise, and MEyellow—strongly correlated with isoflavone content. The MEturquoise and MEyellow modules were upregulated in high-isoflavone groups and were enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, and transcriptional regulation, suggesting that these pathways actively promote isoflavone accumulation. Conversely, the MEblue module, highly expressed in low-isoflavone groups, was enriched in sugar metabolism and MAPK signaling, indicating a potential metabolic flux shift away from secondary metabolism. Moreover, key rate-limiting enzymes (PAL, C4H, 4CL, CHS, and IFS) exhibited higher expression in high-isoflavone groups, highlighting their importance in precursor supply and enzymatic catalysis. Additionally, transcription factors such as MYB, WRKY, and NAC were identified as potential regulators of isoflavone biosynthesis, indicating a complex interplay between hormonal, circadian, and environmental signals. This study provides a comprehensive molecular framework for understanding isoflavone biosynthesis in <i>T. pratense</i> and identifies key regulatory genes and metabolic pathways that could be targeted for genetic improvement, metabolic engineering, and molecular breeding. The findings offer valuable insights into enhancing isoflavone production in legumes for agricultural, nutritional, and pharmaceutical applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/5/1061<i>Trifolium pratense</i>isoflavone biosynthesistranscriptomicsdifferentially expressed genes
spellingShingle Kefan Cao
Sijing Wang
Huimin Zhang
Yiming Ma
Qian Wu
Fan Huang
Mingjiu Wang
Transcriptomic Regulatory Mechanisms of Isoflavone Biosynthesis in <i>Trifolium pratense</i>
Agronomy
<i>Trifolium pratense</i>
isoflavone biosynthesis
transcriptomics
differentially expressed genes
title Transcriptomic Regulatory Mechanisms of Isoflavone Biosynthesis in <i>Trifolium pratense</i>
title_full Transcriptomic Regulatory Mechanisms of Isoflavone Biosynthesis in <i>Trifolium pratense</i>
title_fullStr Transcriptomic Regulatory Mechanisms of Isoflavone Biosynthesis in <i>Trifolium pratense</i>
title_full_unstemmed Transcriptomic Regulatory Mechanisms of Isoflavone Biosynthesis in <i>Trifolium pratense</i>
title_short Transcriptomic Regulatory Mechanisms of Isoflavone Biosynthesis in <i>Trifolium pratense</i>
title_sort transcriptomic regulatory mechanisms of isoflavone biosynthesis in i trifolium pratense i
topic <i>Trifolium pratense</i>
isoflavone biosynthesis
transcriptomics
differentially expressed genes
url https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/5/1061
work_keys_str_mv AT kefancao transcriptomicregulatorymechanismsofisoflavonebiosynthesisinitrifoliumpratensei
AT sijingwang transcriptomicregulatorymechanismsofisoflavonebiosynthesisinitrifoliumpratensei
AT huiminzhang transcriptomicregulatorymechanismsofisoflavonebiosynthesisinitrifoliumpratensei
AT yimingma transcriptomicregulatorymechanismsofisoflavonebiosynthesisinitrifoliumpratensei
AT qianwu transcriptomicregulatorymechanismsofisoflavonebiosynthesisinitrifoliumpratensei
AT fanhuang transcriptomicregulatorymechanismsofisoflavonebiosynthesisinitrifoliumpratensei
AT mingjiuwang transcriptomicregulatorymechanismsofisoflavonebiosynthesisinitrifoliumpratensei