Chemical potential and variable number of particles control the quantum state: Quantum oscillators as a showcase

Despite their simplicity, quantum harmonic oscillators are ubiquitous in the modeling of physical systems. They are able to capture universal properties that serve as references for the more complex systems found in nature. In this spirit, we apply a model of a Hamiltonian for open quantum systems i...

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Main Authors: Benedikt M. Reible, Ana Djurdjevac, Luigi Delle Site
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: AIP Publishing LLC 2025-03-01
Series:APL Quantum
Online Access:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0251102
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author Benedikt M. Reible
Ana Djurdjevac
Luigi Delle Site
author_facet Benedikt M. Reible
Ana Djurdjevac
Luigi Delle Site
author_sort Benedikt M. Reible
collection DOAJ
description Despite their simplicity, quantum harmonic oscillators are ubiquitous in the modeling of physical systems. They are able to capture universal properties that serve as references for the more complex systems found in nature. In this spirit, we apply a model of a Hamiltonian for open quantum systems in equilibrium with a particle reservoir to ensembles of quantum oscillators. By treating (i) a dilute gas of vibrating particles and (ii) a chain of coupled oscillators as showcases, we demonstrate that the property of varying numbers of particles leads to a mandatory condition on the energy of the system. In particular, the chemical potential plays the role of a parameter of control that can externally manipulate the spectrum of a system and the corresponding accessible quantum states.
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spelling doaj-art-22fa96d388ef4d0aa9aa863933a4592a2025-08-20T03:03:49ZengAIP Publishing LLCAPL Quantum2835-01032025-03-0121016124016124-1010.1063/5.0251102Chemical potential and variable number of particles control the quantum state: Quantum oscillators as a showcaseBenedikt M. Reible0Ana Djurdjevac1Luigi Delle Site2Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Mathematics, Arnimallee 6, 14195 Berlin, GermanyFreie Universität Berlin, Institute of Mathematics, Arnimallee 6, 14195 Berlin, GermanyFreie Universität Berlin, Institute of Mathematics, Arnimallee 6, 14195 Berlin, GermanyDespite their simplicity, quantum harmonic oscillators are ubiquitous in the modeling of physical systems. They are able to capture universal properties that serve as references for the more complex systems found in nature. In this spirit, we apply a model of a Hamiltonian for open quantum systems in equilibrium with a particle reservoir to ensembles of quantum oscillators. By treating (i) a dilute gas of vibrating particles and (ii) a chain of coupled oscillators as showcases, we demonstrate that the property of varying numbers of particles leads to a mandatory condition on the energy of the system. In particular, the chemical potential plays the role of a parameter of control that can externally manipulate the spectrum of a system and the corresponding accessible quantum states.http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0251102
spellingShingle Benedikt M. Reible
Ana Djurdjevac
Luigi Delle Site
Chemical potential and variable number of particles control the quantum state: Quantum oscillators as a showcase
APL Quantum
title Chemical potential and variable number of particles control the quantum state: Quantum oscillators as a showcase
title_full Chemical potential and variable number of particles control the quantum state: Quantum oscillators as a showcase
title_fullStr Chemical potential and variable number of particles control the quantum state: Quantum oscillators as a showcase
title_full_unstemmed Chemical potential and variable number of particles control the quantum state: Quantum oscillators as a showcase
title_short Chemical potential and variable number of particles control the quantum state: Quantum oscillators as a showcase
title_sort chemical potential and variable number of particles control the quantum state quantum oscillators as a showcase
url http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0251102
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AT anadjurdjevac chemicalpotentialandvariablenumberofparticlescontrolthequantumstatequantumoscillatorsasashowcase
AT luigidellesite chemicalpotentialandvariablenumberofparticlescontrolthequantumstatequantumoscillatorsasashowcase