Design of a Novel Chitosan Derivatives and DOPO Flame Retardant and Its Application in Epoxy Resin
To expand the utilization of bio-based materials as flame retardants in epoxy resin (EP), a green Schiff base structural material (CSV) was synthesized via a one-pot approach employing chitosan and vanillin as the raw materials. Then, the CSV combined with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phospha-phenanthrene-...
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MDPI AG
2025-02-01
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| author | Yicheng Yang Yue Lu Wang Zhan Qinghong Kong |
| author_facet | Yicheng Yang Yue Lu Wang Zhan Qinghong Kong |
| author_sort | Yicheng Yang |
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| description | To expand the utilization of bio-based materials as flame retardants in epoxy resin (EP), a green Schiff base structural material (CSV) was synthesized via a one-pot approach employing chitosan and vanillin as the raw materials. Then, the CSV combined with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phospha-phenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) (the mass ratio between CSV and DOPO was 1:2, written as CSV-DOPO) improved the flame retardancy of the EP. When the amount of CSV−DOPO in the EP was only 3 wt%, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results indicated that the residue of the EP composites was 50.6% higher than that of the EP. The combustion class of the EP/3 wt% CSV−DOPO composites achieved a UL-94 V0 rating and the limit oxygen index (LOI) reached 34.0%. The cone calorimeter test (CCT) showed that the peak heat release rate (PHHR), total heat release (THR), total smoke release (TSP), and peak carbon dioxide production (PCO<sub>2</sub>P) of the EP/3 wt% CSV−DOPO composites decreased by 32.3%, 22.0%, 4.6%, and 51.0%, respectively, compared to the EP. The flame-retardancy mechanism was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectra. The quenching effect of phosphorus-containing radicals, the dilution effect of noncombustible gases, and the impeding effect of the carbon layer in the condensed phase contributed collectively to the excellent flame retardancy of the EP/CSV−DOPO composites. Considering the facile preparation method and small addition amount of the flame retardant, the present work provides a convenient solution for the preparation of modified EP with good flame retardancy and heat stability, which is expected to be widely used in industries. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-22e1f0b473e64d2fb25c1bb4054ae505 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2673-6209 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Macromol |
| spelling | doaj-art-22e1f0b473e64d2fb25c1bb4054ae5052025-08-20T02:42:21ZengMDPI AGMacromol2673-62092025-02-0151910.3390/macromol5010009Design of a Novel Chitosan Derivatives and DOPO Flame Retardant and Its Application in Epoxy ResinYicheng Yang0Yue Lu1Wang Zhan2Qinghong Kong3School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, ChinaSchool of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, ChinaSchool of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, ChinaSchool of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, ChinaTo expand the utilization of bio-based materials as flame retardants in epoxy resin (EP), a green Schiff base structural material (CSV) was synthesized via a one-pot approach employing chitosan and vanillin as the raw materials. Then, the CSV combined with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phospha-phenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) (the mass ratio between CSV and DOPO was 1:2, written as CSV-DOPO) improved the flame retardancy of the EP. When the amount of CSV−DOPO in the EP was only 3 wt%, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results indicated that the residue of the EP composites was 50.6% higher than that of the EP. The combustion class of the EP/3 wt% CSV−DOPO composites achieved a UL-94 V0 rating and the limit oxygen index (LOI) reached 34.0%. The cone calorimeter test (CCT) showed that the peak heat release rate (PHHR), total heat release (THR), total smoke release (TSP), and peak carbon dioxide production (PCO<sub>2</sub>P) of the EP/3 wt% CSV−DOPO composites decreased by 32.3%, 22.0%, 4.6%, and 51.0%, respectively, compared to the EP. The flame-retardancy mechanism was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectra. The quenching effect of phosphorus-containing radicals, the dilution effect of noncombustible gases, and the impeding effect of the carbon layer in the condensed phase contributed collectively to the excellent flame retardancy of the EP/CSV−DOPO composites. Considering the facile preparation method and small addition amount of the flame retardant, the present work provides a convenient solution for the preparation of modified EP with good flame retardancy and heat stability, which is expected to be widely used in industries.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-6209/5/1/9green Schiff baseDOPOvanillinchitosanflame retardant |
| spellingShingle | Yicheng Yang Yue Lu Wang Zhan Qinghong Kong Design of a Novel Chitosan Derivatives and DOPO Flame Retardant and Its Application in Epoxy Resin Macromol green Schiff base DOPO vanillin chitosan flame retardant |
| title | Design of a Novel Chitosan Derivatives and DOPO Flame Retardant and Its Application in Epoxy Resin |
| title_full | Design of a Novel Chitosan Derivatives and DOPO Flame Retardant and Its Application in Epoxy Resin |
| title_fullStr | Design of a Novel Chitosan Derivatives and DOPO Flame Retardant and Its Application in Epoxy Resin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Design of a Novel Chitosan Derivatives and DOPO Flame Retardant and Its Application in Epoxy Resin |
| title_short | Design of a Novel Chitosan Derivatives and DOPO Flame Retardant and Its Application in Epoxy Resin |
| title_sort | design of a novel chitosan derivatives and dopo flame retardant and its application in epoxy resin |
| topic | green Schiff base DOPO vanillin chitosan flame retardant |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-6209/5/1/9 |
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