Lower promoter activity of the ST8SIA2 gene has been favored in evolving human collective brains.
ST8SIA2 is an important molecule regulating expression of the phenotype involved in schizophrenia. Lowered promoter activity of the ST8SIA2 gene is considered to be protective against schizophrenia by conferring tolerance to psychosocial stress. Here, we examined the promoter-type composition of ana...
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2021-01-01
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| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0259897&type=printable |
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| author | Toshiyuki Hayakawa Masahiro Terahara Naoko T Fujito Takumi Matsunaga Kosuke M Teshima Masaya Hane Ken Kitajima Chihiro Sato Naoyuki Takahata Yoko Satta |
| author_facet | Toshiyuki Hayakawa Masahiro Terahara Naoko T Fujito Takumi Matsunaga Kosuke M Teshima Masaya Hane Ken Kitajima Chihiro Sato Naoyuki Takahata Yoko Satta |
| author_sort | Toshiyuki Hayakawa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ST8SIA2 is an important molecule regulating expression of the phenotype involved in schizophrenia. Lowered promoter activity of the ST8SIA2 gene is considered to be protective against schizophrenia by conferring tolerance to psychosocial stress. Here, we examined the promoter-type composition of anatomically modern humans (AMHs) and archaic humans (AHs; Neanderthals and Denisovans), and compared the promoter activity at the population level (population promoter activity; PPA) between them. In AMHs, the TCT-type, showing the second lowest promoter activity, was most prevalent in the ancestral population of non-Africans. However, the detection of only the CGT-type from AH samples and recombination tracts in AH sequences showed that the CGT- and TGT-types, exhibiting the two highest promoter activities, were common in AH populations. Furthermore, interspecies gene flow occurred into AMHs from AHs and into Denisovans from Neanderthals, influencing promoter-type compositions independently in both AMHs and AHs. The difference of promoter-type composition makes PPA unique in each population. East and Southeast Asian populations show the lowest PPA. This results from the selective increase of the CGC-type, showing the lowest promoter activity, in these populations. Every non-African population shows significantly lower PPA than African populations, resulting from the TCT-type having the highest prevalence in the ancestral population of non-Africans. In addition, PPA reduction is also found among subpopulations within Africa via a slight increase of the TCT-type. These findings indicate a trend toward lower PPA in the spread of AMHs, interpreted as a continuous adaptation to psychosocial stress arising in migration. This trend is considered as genetic tuning for the evolution of collective brains. The inferred promoter-type composition of AHs differed markedly from that of AMHs, resulting in higher PPA in AHs than in AMHs. This suggests that the trend toward lower PPA is a unique feature in AMH spread. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-22d9de7031d04cb2a4fde8519861cb21 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj-art-22d9de7031d04cb2a4fde8519861cb212025-08-20T02:46:25ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032021-01-011612e025989710.1371/journal.pone.0259897Lower promoter activity of the ST8SIA2 gene has been favored in evolving human collective brains.Toshiyuki HayakawaMasahiro TeraharaNaoko T FujitoTakumi MatsunagaKosuke M TeshimaMasaya HaneKen KitajimaChihiro SatoNaoyuki TakahataYoko SattaST8SIA2 is an important molecule regulating expression of the phenotype involved in schizophrenia. Lowered promoter activity of the ST8SIA2 gene is considered to be protective against schizophrenia by conferring tolerance to psychosocial stress. Here, we examined the promoter-type composition of anatomically modern humans (AMHs) and archaic humans (AHs; Neanderthals and Denisovans), and compared the promoter activity at the population level (population promoter activity; PPA) between them. In AMHs, the TCT-type, showing the second lowest promoter activity, was most prevalent in the ancestral population of non-Africans. However, the detection of only the CGT-type from AH samples and recombination tracts in AH sequences showed that the CGT- and TGT-types, exhibiting the two highest promoter activities, were common in AH populations. Furthermore, interspecies gene flow occurred into AMHs from AHs and into Denisovans from Neanderthals, influencing promoter-type compositions independently in both AMHs and AHs. The difference of promoter-type composition makes PPA unique in each population. East and Southeast Asian populations show the lowest PPA. This results from the selective increase of the CGC-type, showing the lowest promoter activity, in these populations. Every non-African population shows significantly lower PPA than African populations, resulting from the TCT-type having the highest prevalence in the ancestral population of non-Africans. In addition, PPA reduction is also found among subpopulations within Africa via a slight increase of the TCT-type. These findings indicate a trend toward lower PPA in the spread of AMHs, interpreted as a continuous adaptation to psychosocial stress arising in migration. This trend is considered as genetic tuning for the evolution of collective brains. The inferred promoter-type composition of AHs differed markedly from that of AMHs, resulting in higher PPA in AHs than in AMHs. This suggests that the trend toward lower PPA is a unique feature in AMH spread.https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0259897&type=printable |
| spellingShingle | Toshiyuki Hayakawa Masahiro Terahara Naoko T Fujito Takumi Matsunaga Kosuke M Teshima Masaya Hane Ken Kitajima Chihiro Sato Naoyuki Takahata Yoko Satta Lower promoter activity of the ST8SIA2 gene has been favored in evolving human collective brains. PLoS ONE |
| title | Lower promoter activity of the ST8SIA2 gene has been favored in evolving human collective brains. |
| title_full | Lower promoter activity of the ST8SIA2 gene has been favored in evolving human collective brains. |
| title_fullStr | Lower promoter activity of the ST8SIA2 gene has been favored in evolving human collective brains. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lower promoter activity of the ST8SIA2 gene has been favored in evolving human collective brains. |
| title_short | Lower promoter activity of the ST8SIA2 gene has been favored in evolving human collective brains. |
| title_sort | lower promoter activity of the st8sia2 gene has been favored in evolving human collective brains |
| url | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0259897&type=printable |
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