The Need for an International law-Informed Code of Conduct for Nuclear Command, Control and Communication

Nuclear command, control, and communications (NC3) systems comprise a complex arrangement of people, policy, procedures, infrastructure, and law that governs when, why, how, and by whom the decision to launch a nuclear weapon will be made and executed. At its core, NC3 is designed to ensure that a n...

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Main Author: Emily Crawford
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2025-06-01
Series:Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament
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Online Access:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/25751654.2025.2514396
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author Emily Crawford
author_facet Emily Crawford
author_sort Emily Crawford
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description Nuclear command, control, and communications (NC3) systems comprise a complex arrangement of people, policy, procedures, infrastructure, and law that governs when, why, how, and by whom the decision to launch a nuclear weapon will be made and executed. At its core, NC3 is designed to ensure that a nuclear weapon is launched only when sanctioned by proper authorities, and that no unsanctioned launch, either intentionally or accidentally, takes place. To be effective, NC3 systems must fulfill certain critical functions, including detection, warning, and attack characterization; nuclear planning and targeting; decision-making; receiving orders; and enabling the management and direction of forces. Current NC3 systems are beset by vulnerabilities, including susceptibility to cyber and other remote attacks, as well as weaknesses due to obsolete legacy technologies and complex command and communication structures. For NC3 systems to fulfill their objectives effectively and accurately, States need to adopt a code of conduct, similar to the Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation, to outline both the relevant international law and the appropriate best practice that governs, and that should govern, State NC3, to ensure that there is never an intentional or accidental wrongful launch of a nuclear weapon.
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spelling doaj-art-22d6e61e6b614d13b3fb4a6ecaf652c72025-08-20T03:19:52ZengTaylor & Francis GroupJournal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament2575-16542025-06-0112810.1080/25751654.2025.2514396The Need for an International law-Informed Code of Conduct for Nuclear Command, Control and CommunicationEmily Crawford0The University of Sydney Law School, Sydney, AustraliaNuclear command, control, and communications (NC3) systems comprise a complex arrangement of people, policy, procedures, infrastructure, and law that governs when, why, how, and by whom the decision to launch a nuclear weapon will be made and executed. At its core, NC3 is designed to ensure that a nuclear weapon is launched only when sanctioned by proper authorities, and that no unsanctioned launch, either intentionally or accidentally, takes place. To be effective, NC3 systems must fulfill certain critical functions, including detection, warning, and attack characterization; nuclear planning and targeting; decision-making; receiving orders; and enabling the management and direction of forces. Current NC3 systems are beset by vulnerabilities, including susceptibility to cyber and other remote attacks, as well as weaknesses due to obsolete legacy technologies and complex command and communication structures. For NC3 systems to fulfill their objectives effectively and accurately, States need to adopt a code of conduct, similar to the Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation, to outline both the relevant international law and the appropriate best practice that governs, and that should govern, State NC3, to ensure that there is never an intentional or accidental wrongful launch of a nuclear weapon.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/25751654.2025.2514396Nuclear weaponsnuclear command, control, and communicationsNC3Hague Code of Conductnonbinding instrumentsinternational law
spellingShingle Emily Crawford
The Need for an International law-Informed Code of Conduct for Nuclear Command, Control and Communication
Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament
Nuclear weapons
nuclear command, control, and communications
NC3
Hague Code of Conduct
nonbinding instruments
international law
title The Need for an International law-Informed Code of Conduct for Nuclear Command, Control and Communication
title_full The Need for an International law-Informed Code of Conduct for Nuclear Command, Control and Communication
title_fullStr The Need for an International law-Informed Code of Conduct for Nuclear Command, Control and Communication
title_full_unstemmed The Need for an International law-Informed Code of Conduct for Nuclear Command, Control and Communication
title_short The Need for an International law-Informed Code of Conduct for Nuclear Command, Control and Communication
title_sort need for an international law informed code of conduct for nuclear command control and communication
topic Nuclear weapons
nuclear command, control, and communications
NC3
Hague Code of Conduct
nonbinding instruments
international law
url https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/25751654.2025.2514396
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