Simultaneous analysis of sixteen energetic nitro compounds and their degradation products in groundwaters and surface waters by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography
An analytical method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection for the simultaneous separation and determination of nitroaromatics, nitramines, and nitrate esters in aqueous environmental samples was developed. The modification of a preconcentration step b...
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KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590182625000384 |
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| author | Alen Albreht Anja Koroša |
| author_facet | Alen Albreht Anja Koroša |
| author_sort | Alen Albreht |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | An analytical method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection for the simultaneous separation and determination of nitroaromatics, nitramines, and nitrate esters in aqueous environmental samples was developed. The modification of a preconcentration step based on solid phase extraction proved crucial for avoiding the frequently occurring measurement bias. The fully validated method has a range spanning four orders of magnitude and enables a precise, accurate, and sensitive determination of species down to a concentration of 0.3 μg/L. The method's applicability was demonstrated by quantifying energetic materials and their degradation products in nine groundwater and nine surface water samples, obtained from a single sampling campaign of Slovenian aquifers. Three contaminants, namely 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB), 2-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (2A-DNT), or pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), were detected in 5 of the 18 samples. The measured concentrations of nitro compounds were low, with the exception of the Mura River, where PETN exceeded 1 μg/L. The anthropogenic origin of the pollution observed for this part of Europe must be linked to the (un)exploded ordnance from both World Wars. However, the presence of 1,3-DNB and 2A-DNT in the Pivka River is also likely to be associated with regular military activities in the area. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2292f991a6bb4fab91bd97c3a7ae941a |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2590-1826 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology |
| spelling | doaj-art-2292f991a6bb4fab91bd97c3a7ae941a2025-08-20T02:27:57ZengKeAi Communications Co., Ltd.Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology2590-18262025-01-01775376110.1016/j.enceco.2025.04.002Simultaneous analysis of sixteen energetic nitro compounds and their degradation products in groundwaters and surface waters by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatographyAlen Albreht0Anja Koroša1Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Corresponding author.Department of Hydrogeology, Geological Survey of Slovenia, Dimičeva 14, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaAn analytical method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection for the simultaneous separation and determination of nitroaromatics, nitramines, and nitrate esters in aqueous environmental samples was developed. The modification of a preconcentration step based on solid phase extraction proved crucial for avoiding the frequently occurring measurement bias. The fully validated method has a range spanning four orders of magnitude and enables a precise, accurate, and sensitive determination of species down to a concentration of 0.3 μg/L. The method's applicability was demonstrated by quantifying energetic materials and their degradation products in nine groundwater and nine surface water samples, obtained from a single sampling campaign of Slovenian aquifers. Three contaminants, namely 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB), 2-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (2A-DNT), or pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), were detected in 5 of the 18 samples. The measured concentrations of nitro compounds were low, with the exception of the Mura River, where PETN exceeded 1 μg/L. The anthropogenic origin of the pollution observed for this part of Europe must be linked to the (un)exploded ordnance from both World Wars. However, the presence of 1,3-DNB and 2A-DNT in the Pivka River is also likely to be associated with regular military activities in the area.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590182625000384Nitro compoundsExplosivesPropellantsDegradationWaterSolid phase extraction |
| spellingShingle | Alen Albreht Anja Koroša Simultaneous analysis of sixteen energetic nitro compounds and their degradation products in groundwaters and surface waters by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Nitro compounds Explosives Propellants Degradation Water Solid phase extraction |
| title | Simultaneous analysis of sixteen energetic nitro compounds and their degradation products in groundwaters and surface waters by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography |
| title_full | Simultaneous analysis of sixteen energetic nitro compounds and their degradation products in groundwaters and surface waters by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography |
| title_fullStr | Simultaneous analysis of sixteen energetic nitro compounds and their degradation products in groundwaters and surface waters by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography |
| title_full_unstemmed | Simultaneous analysis of sixteen energetic nitro compounds and their degradation products in groundwaters and surface waters by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography |
| title_short | Simultaneous analysis of sixteen energetic nitro compounds and their degradation products in groundwaters and surface waters by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography |
| title_sort | simultaneous analysis of sixteen energetic nitro compounds and their degradation products in groundwaters and surface waters by ultra high performance liquid chromatography |
| topic | Nitro compounds Explosives Propellants Degradation Water Solid phase extraction |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590182625000384 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT alenalbreht simultaneousanalysisofsixteenenergeticnitrocompoundsandtheirdegradationproductsingroundwatersandsurfacewatersbyultrahighperformanceliquidchromatography AT anjakorosa simultaneousanalysisofsixteenenergeticnitrocompoundsandtheirdegradationproductsingroundwatersandsurfacewatersbyultrahighperformanceliquidchromatography |