Application of machine learning models to explore prognosis and cause of death in advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients undergoing chemotherapy
Abstract Background This study was aimed at examining the causes of death (CODs) in patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) undergoing chemotherapy (CT). In addition, machine learning models were incorporated to predict the treatment outcomes of patients with advanced ICC and id...
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Springer
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Discover Oncology |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-025-02274-z |
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| author | Qin Zeng Xin Wang Jun Liu Yiqing Jiang Guili Cao Ke Su Xiaoqin Liu |
| author_facet | Qin Zeng Xin Wang Jun Liu Yiqing Jiang Guili Cao Ke Su Xiaoqin Liu |
| author_sort | Qin Zeng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background This study was aimed at examining the causes of death (CODs) in patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) undergoing chemotherapy (CT). In addition, machine learning models were incorporated to predict the treatment outcomes of patients with advanced ICC and identify the factors most closely related to prognosis. Methods A total of 5564 patients (CT group, 3632; non-CT group, 1932) were included in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results registries between 2000 and 2020. The CODs were compared between the two groups before and after the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). Furthermore, seven machine learning models were utilized as predictive tools to select variable features, aiming to assess the therapeutic effectiveness in patients with advanced ICC. Results After IPTW, the CT group exhibited a lower cumulative incidence of cholangiocarcinoma-related deaths (30%, 49%, and 73% vs. 59%, 66%, and 73%; P < 0.001), secondary malignant neoplasms (8.5%, 13%, and 20% vs. 19%, 22%, and 24%; P < 0.001), and other CODs (1.8%, 2.9%, and 4.4% vs. 4.1%, 4.6%, and 5.4%; P < 0.001) at 0.5-, 1-, and 3- years than the non-CT group, whereas the cumulative incidence of cardiovascular diseases (P = 0.4) was comparable between the two groups. Of the seven machine learning models, the random forest model showed the highest predictive effectiveness. This model verified that variables such as CT, radiotherapy, tumor dimensions, sex, and distant metastasis were strongly correlated with the prognosis of advanced ICC. Conclusions CT has improved the therapeutic efficacy of advanced ICC without significantly increasing other CODs. Furthermore, the analysis of various features using machine learning models has confirmed that the random forest model demonstrates the highest predictive performance. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-22924987ab29449c8f3fe9cda22916fa |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2730-6011 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Discover Oncology |
| spelling | doaj-art-22924987ab29449c8f3fe9cda22916fa2025-08-20T02:28:04ZengSpringerDiscover Oncology2730-60112025-04-0116111110.1007/s12672-025-02274-zApplication of machine learning models to explore prognosis and cause of death in advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients undergoing chemotherapyQin Zeng0Xin Wang1Jun Liu2Yiqing Jiang3Guili Cao4Ke Su5Xiaoqin Liu6Department of Oncology, Zigong First People’s HospitalDepartment of Oncology, Zigong First People’s HospitalDepartment of Oncology, Zigong First People’s HospitalDepartment of Oncology, Zigong First People’s HospitalDepartment of Oncology, Zigong First People’s HospitalDepartment of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityDepartment of Oncology, Zigong First People’s HospitalAbstract Background This study was aimed at examining the causes of death (CODs) in patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) undergoing chemotherapy (CT). In addition, machine learning models were incorporated to predict the treatment outcomes of patients with advanced ICC and identify the factors most closely related to prognosis. Methods A total of 5564 patients (CT group, 3632; non-CT group, 1932) were included in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results registries between 2000 and 2020. The CODs were compared between the two groups before and after the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). Furthermore, seven machine learning models were utilized as predictive tools to select variable features, aiming to assess the therapeutic effectiveness in patients with advanced ICC. Results After IPTW, the CT group exhibited a lower cumulative incidence of cholangiocarcinoma-related deaths (30%, 49%, and 73% vs. 59%, 66%, and 73%; P < 0.001), secondary malignant neoplasms (8.5%, 13%, and 20% vs. 19%, 22%, and 24%; P < 0.001), and other CODs (1.8%, 2.9%, and 4.4% vs. 4.1%, 4.6%, and 5.4%; P < 0.001) at 0.5-, 1-, and 3- years than the non-CT group, whereas the cumulative incidence of cardiovascular diseases (P = 0.4) was comparable between the two groups. Of the seven machine learning models, the random forest model showed the highest predictive effectiveness. This model verified that variables such as CT, radiotherapy, tumor dimensions, sex, and distant metastasis were strongly correlated with the prognosis of advanced ICC. Conclusions CT has improved the therapeutic efficacy of advanced ICC without significantly increasing other CODs. Furthermore, the analysis of various features using machine learning models has confirmed that the random forest model demonstrates the highest predictive performance.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-025-02274-zMachine learning modelsChemotherapyCause of deathIntrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma |
| spellingShingle | Qin Zeng Xin Wang Jun Liu Yiqing Jiang Guili Cao Ke Su Xiaoqin Liu Application of machine learning models to explore prognosis and cause of death in advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients undergoing chemotherapy Discover Oncology Machine learning models Chemotherapy Cause of death Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma |
| title | Application of machine learning models to explore prognosis and cause of death in advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients undergoing chemotherapy |
| title_full | Application of machine learning models to explore prognosis and cause of death in advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients undergoing chemotherapy |
| title_fullStr | Application of machine learning models to explore prognosis and cause of death in advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients undergoing chemotherapy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Application of machine learning models to explore prognosis and cause of death in advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients undergoing chemotherapy |
| title_short | Application of machine learning models to explore prognosis and cause of death in advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients undergoing chemotherapy |
| title_sort | application of machine learning models to explore prognosis and cause of death in advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients undergoing chemotherapy |
| topic | Machine learning models Chemotherapy Cause of death Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-025-02274-z |
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