Associations between phenol and paraben exposure and the risk of developing breast cancer in adult women: a cross-sectional study
Abstract Increasing evidence suggests that endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have adverse effects on breast cancer (BC). The aim of this study was to assess the association between exposure to prevalent EDCs—phenols and parabens—and the risk of developing BC. Data on urinary bisphenol A (BPA), t...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-02-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88765-z |
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| author | Yao Xiong Zhiyu Li Xiong Xiong Zixuan Luo Kaixin Zhong Jiawei Hu Shengrong Sun Chuang Chen |
| author_facet | Yao Xiong Zhiyu Li Xiong Xiong Zixuan Luo Kaixin Zhong Jiawei Hu Shengrong Sun Chuang Chen |
| author_sort | Yao Xiong |
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| description | Abstract Increasing evidence suggests that endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have adverse effects on breast cancer (BC). The aim of this study was to assess the association between exposure to prevalent EDCs—phenols and parabens—and the risk of developing BC. Data on urinary bisphenol A (BPA), triclosan (TRS), benzophenone-3 (BP3), methyl paraben (MPB), ethyl paraben (EPB), propyl paraben (PPB), and butyl paraben (BUP) were obtained from the 2005–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 4455 subjects were included in this cross-sectional study. The results from the weighted multivariable regression models indicated that exposure to elevated concentrations of TRS increased the risk of developing BC by 2.33 (Q2: 95% CI = 1.45–3.75, p < 0.001) and 1.94 times (Q3: 95% CI = 1.21–3.09, p = 0.006), respectively. The nonlinear association between TRS concentrations and the risk of developing BC was statistically significant (P nonlinear = 0.007), with the restricted cubic splines (RCS) curve exhibiting an inverted U shape. The association between TRS concentrations and the risk of developing BC was more pronounced among overweight individuals (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2), those aged < 60 years, and white individuals. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) analysis revealed no significant overall association between mixtures of urinary phenol and paraben metabolites and BC risk. However, TRS exposure was the most influential, with higher TRS concentrations (both continuous and categorical) significantly associated with an increased BC risk, particularly in overweight individuals (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2), those aged < 60 years, and white individuals. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-226eae830dd2480ab060bfe6edc70fa72025-02-09T12:32:39ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-02-0115111310.1038/s41598-025-88765-zAssociations between phenol and paraben exposure and the risk of developing breast cancer in adult women: a cross-sectional studyYao Xiong0Zhiyu Li1Xiong Xiong2Zixuan Luo3Kaixin Zhong4Jiawei Hu5Shengrong Sun6Chuang Chen7Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityDepartment of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityDepartment of Information, Electronic and Bioengineering, Politecnico Di Milano.Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityDepartment of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityDepartment of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityDepartment of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityDepartment of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityAbstract Increasing evidence suggests that endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have adverse effects on breast cancer (BC). The aim of this study was to assess the association between exposure to prevalent EDCs—phenols and parabens—and the risk of developing BC. Data on urinary bisphenol A (BPA), triclosan (TRS), benzophenone-3 (BP3), methyl paraben (MPB), ethyl paraben (EPB), propyl paraben (PPB), and butyl paraben (BUP) were obtained from the 2005–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 4455 subjects were included in this cross-sectional study. The results from the weighted multivariable regression models indicated that exposure to elevated concentrations of TRS increased the risk of developing BC by 2.33 (Q2: 95% CI = 1.45–3.75, p < 0.001) and 1.94 times (Q3: 95% CI = 1.21–3.09, p = 0.006), respectively. The nonlinear association between TRS concentrations and the risk of developing BC was statistically significant (P nonlinear = 0.007), with the restricted cubic splines (RCS) curve exhibiting an inverted U shape. The association between TRS concentrations and the risk of developing BC was more pronounced among overweight individuals (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2), those aged < 60 years, and white individuals. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) analysis revealed no significant overall association between mixtures of urinary phenol and paraben metabolites and BC risk. However, TRS exposure was the most influential, with higher TRS concentrations (both continuous and categorical) significantly associated with an increased BC risk, particularly in overweight individuals (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2), those aged < 60 years, and white individuals.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88765-z |
| spellingShingle | Yao Xiong Zhiyu Li Xiong Xiong Zixuan Luo Kaixin Zhong Jiawei Hu Shengrong Sun Chuang Chen Associations between phenol and paraben exposure and the risk of developing breast cancer in adult women: a cross-sectional study Scientific Reports |
| title | Associations between phenol and paraben exposure and the risk of developing breast cancer in adult women: a cross-sectional study |
| title_full | Associations between phenol and paraben exposure and the risk of developing breast cancer in adult women: a cross-sectional study |
| title_fullStr | Associations between phenol and paraben exposure and the risk of developing breast cancer in adult women: a cross-sectional study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Associations between phenol and paraben exposure and the risk of developing breast cancer in adult women: a cross-sectional study |
| title_short | Associations between phenol and paraben exposure and the risk of developing breast cancer in adult women: a cross-sectional study |
| title_sort | associations between phenol and paraben exposure and the risk of developing breast cancer in adult women a cross sectional study |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88765-z |
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