The Impact of the Skin Microbiome and Oxidative Stress on the Initiation and Development of Cutaneous Chronic Wounds
Wound healing is a very complex process composed of several phases in which precise events occur, both temporally and specially. However, when these processes go awry, biofilm-forming bacteria become installed in the healing tissue, and the patient has comorbidities, so the wounds do not heal and be...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/6/682 |
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| author | Manuela Martins-Green Jane Kim Klara Aziz |
| author_facet | Manuela Martins-Green Jane Kim Klara Aziz |
| author_sort | Manuela Martins-Green |
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| description | Wound healing is a very complex process composed of several phases in which precise events occur, both temporally and specially. However, when these processes go awry, biofilm-forming bacteria become installed in the healing tissue, and the patient has comorbidities, so the wounds do not heal and become chronic. In this review, we describe the importance of high levels of oxidative stress (OS) and bacteria from the skin microbiome in the initiation and development of chronic wounds. The skin microbiome is diverse in humans, and its composition is dependent on the environment in the specific areas of the body. OS is critical for wound healing as it stimulates the immune system to destroy pathogens and secrete cytokines and growth factors that stimulate healing. When OS levels become high in the wound and the bacteria of the skin install themselves in the wound, chronicity ensues. However, neither OS nor the bacteria of the skin alone can initiate chronicity. However, when present together, chronic wounds develop. Given the complexity of chronic wound initiation, developing treatment for these wounds has been difficult. Here, we also discuss the challenges of treating chronic wounds and offer a potential sequence of approaches to treating these wounds after debridement. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2253a1bfdcd24d42b41cfddde204503f |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj-art-2253a1bfdcd24d42b41cfddde204503f2025-08-20T03:26:20ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212025-06-0114668210.3390/antiox14060682The Impact of the Skin Microbiome and Oxidative Stress on the Initiation and Development of Cutaneous Chronic WoundsManuela Martins-Green0Jane Kim1Klara Aziz2Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USADepartment of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USADepartment of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USAWound healing is a very complex process composed of several phases in which precise events occur, both temporally and specially. However, when these processes go awry, biofilm-forming bacteria become installed in the healing tissue, and the patient has comorbidities, so the wounds do not heal and become chronic. In this review, we describe the importance of high levels of oxidative stress (OS) and bacteria from the skin microbiome in the initiation and development of chronic wounds. The skin microbiome is diverse in humans, and its composition is dependent on the environment in the specific areas of the body. OS is critical for wound healing as it stimulates the immune system to destroy pathogens and secrete cytokines and growth factors that stimulate healing. When OS levels become high in the wound and the bacteria of the skin install themselves in the wound, chronicity ensues. However, neither OS nor the bacteria of the skin alone can initiate chronicity. However, when present together, chronic wounds develop. Given the complexity of chronic wound initiation, developing treatment for these wounds has been difficult. Here, we also discuss the challenges of treating chronic wounds and offer a potential sequence of approaches to treating these wounds after debridement.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/6/682skin microbiomediabetescomorbiditieschronic woundsoxidative stressbacteria |
| spellingShingle | Manuela Martins-Green Jane Kim Klara Aziz The Impact of the Skin Microbiome and Oxidative Stress on the Initiation and Development of Cutaneous Chronic Wounds Antioxidants skin microbiome diabetes comorbidities chronic wounds oxidative stress bacteria |
| title | The Impact of the Skin Microbiome and Oxidative Stress on the Initiation and Development of Cutaneous Chronic Wounds |
| title_full | The Impact of the Skin Microbiome and Oxidative Stress on the Initiation and Development of Cutaneous Chronic Wounds |
| title_fullStr | The Impact of the Skin Microbiome and Oxidative Stress on the Initiation and Development of Cutaneous Chronic Wounds |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Impact of the Skin Microbiome and Oxidative Stress on the Initiation and Development of Cutaneous Chronic Wounds |
| title_short | The Impact of the Skin Microbiome and Oxidative Stress on the Initiation and Development of Cutaneous Chronic Wounds |
| title_sort | impact of the skin microbiome and oxidative stress on the initiation and development of cutaneous chronic wounds |
| topic | skin microbiome diabetes comorbidities chronic wounds oxidative stress bacteria |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/6/682 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT manuelamartinsgreen theimpactoftheskinmicrobiomeandoxidativestressontheinitiationanddevelopmentofcutaneouschronicwounds AT janekim theimpactoftheskinmicrobiomeandoxidativestressontheinitiationanddevelopmentofcutaneouschronicwounds AT klaraaziz theimpactoftheskinmicrobiomeandoxidativestressontheinitiationanddevelopmentofcutaneouschronicwounds AT manuelamartinsgreen impactoftheskinmicrobiomeandoxidativestressontheinitiationanddevelopmentofcutaneouschronicwounds AT janekim impactoftheskinmicrobiomeandoxidativestressontheinitiationanddevelopmentofcutaneouschronicwounds AT klaraaziz impactoftheskinmicrobiomeandoxidativestressontheinitiationanddevelopmentofcutaneouschronicwounds |