Hybrid Mortars Activated with Alternative Steel-Compatible Salts: Impact on Chloride Diffusion and Durability
Eco-friendly mortars have been manufactured with hybrid binders made of blast furnace slag and a reduced amount of clinker. The objective is to explore new formulations suitable for reinforced structures. Previous studies are mainly focused on activation with sulfates, a salt that is corrosive to re...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/14/8055 |
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| author | Angily Cruz-Hernández Francisco Velasco Manuel Torres-Carrasco Asunción Bautista |
| author_facet | Angily Cruz-Hernández Francisco Velasco Manuel Torres-Carrasco Asunción Bautista |
| author_sort | Angily Cruz-Hernández |
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| description | Eco-friendly mortars have been manufactured with hybrid binders made of blast furnace slag and a reduced amount of clinker. The objective is to explore new formulations suitable for reinforced structures. Previous studies are mainly focused on activation with sulfates, a salt that is corrosive to reinforcing steel. Sodium nitrate and sodium carbonate, easily implementable in construction, have been used as activators in two different concentrations that involve similar Na content. A Type II PC mortar is used as reference. The dimensional stability of the mortars during curing (at 99% RH) and subsequent drying at 40% RH, has been evaluated, as well as their porosity and mechanical properties. Böhme tests revealed that studied hybrid binders have lower wear resistance than PC mortar. Activation with Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> allows the obtention of mortars with reduced porosity and good compression resistance, but generates microcracking that favors chloride diffusion. Activation with nitrates favors precipitation of AFm phases identified through differential thermal analysis. Nitrates in moderate amounts (4% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) allow manufacturing hybrid mortars with good resistance to chloride penetration and reasonably good mechanical properties. Hence, this binder can be a promising option for reinforced structures. Higher amounts of nitrates (8%) for activation give rise to more porous mortars. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-221128d802a1432aacb3f8c1eca87b74 |
| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| spelling | doaj-art-221128d802a1432aacb3f8c1eca87b742025-08-20T03:32:24ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-07-011514805510.3390/app15148055Hybrid Mortars Activated with Alternative Steel-Compatible Salts: Impact on Chloride Diffusion and DurabilityAngily Cruz-Hernández0Francisco Velasco1Manuel Torres-Carrasco2Asunción Bautista3Materials Science and Engineering Department–IAAB, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, SpainMaterials Science and Engineering Department–IAAB, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, SpainMaterials Science and Engineering Department–IAAB, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, SpainMaterials Science and Engineering Department–IAAB, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, SpainEco-friendly mortars have been manufactured with hybrid binders made of blast furnace slag and a reduced amount of clinker. The objective is to explore new formulations suitable for reinforced structures. Previous studies are mainly focused on activation with sulfates, a salt that is corrosive to reinforcing steel. Sodium nitrate and sodium carbonate, easily implementable in construction, have been used as activators in two different concentrations that involve similar Na content. A Type II PC mortar is used as reference. The dimensional stability of the mortars during curing (at 99% RH) and subsequent drying at 40% RH, has been evaluated, as well as their porosity and mechanical properties. Böhme tests revealed that studied hybrid binders have lower wear resistance than PC mortar. Activation with Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> allows the obtention of mortars with reduced porosity and good compression resistance, but generates microcracking that favors chloride diffusion. Activation with nitrates favors precipitation of AFm phases identified through differential thermal analysis. Nitrates in moderate amounts (4% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) allow manufacturing hybrid mortars with good resistance to chloride penetration and reasonably good mechanical properties. Hence, this binder can be a promising option for reinforced structures. Higher amounts of nitrates (8%) for activation give rise to more porous mortars.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/14/8055hybrid binderssolid activationslagchloride diffusionshrinkagewear |
| spellingShingle | Angily Cruz-Hernández Francisco Velasco Manuel Torres-Carrasco Asunción Bautista Hybrid Mortars Activated with Alternative Steel-Compatible Salts: Impact on Chloride Diffusion and Durability Applied Sciences hybrid binders solid activation slag chloride diffusion shrinkage wear |
| title | Hybrid Mortars Activated with Alternative Steel-Compatible Salts: Impact on Chloride Diffusion and Durability |
| title_full | Hybrid Mortars Activated with Alternative Steel-Compatible Salts: Impact on Chloride Diffusion and Durability |
| title_fullStr | Hybrid Mortars Activated with Alternative Steel-Compatible Salts: Impact on Chloride Diffusion and Durability |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hybrid Mortars Activated with Alternative Steel-Compatible Salts: Impact on Chloride Diffusion and Durability |
| title_short | Hybrid Mortars Activated with Alternative Steel-Compatible Salts: Impact on Chloride Diffusion and Durability |
| title_sort | hybrid mortars activated with alternative steel compatible salts impact on chloride diffusion and durability |
| topic | hybrid binders solid activation slag chloride diffusion shrinkage wear |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/14/8055 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT angilycruzhernandez hybridmortarsactivatedwithalternativesteelcompatiblesaltsimpactonchloridediffusionanddurability AT franciscovelasco hybridmortarsactivatedwithalternativesteelcompatiblesaltsimpactonchloridediffusionanddurability AT manueltorrescarrasco hybridmortarsactivatedwithalternativesteelcompatiblesaltsimpactonchloridediffusionanddurability AT asuncionbautista hybridmortarsactivatedwithalternativesteelcompatiblesaltsimpactonchloridediffusionanddurability |