Numerical modeling of electromagnetic wave propagation in spatially-varying evaporation duct conditions via 3D parabolic equation method
This study numerically investigates electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation in spatially-varying evaporation ducts over rough sea surfaces. Conventional two-dimensional (2D) models assume homogeneous refractive index distribution along the cross-range dimension in a single propagation plane, limiting...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Marine Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1611884/full |
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| author | Hanjie Ji Hanjie Ji Lixin Guo Yan Zhang Tianhang Nie Yiwen Wei Jinpeng Zhang Qingliang Li Xiangming Guo Yusheng Zhang |
| author_facet | Hanjie Ji Hanjie Ji Lixin Guo Yan Zhang Tianhang Nie Yiwen Wei Jinpeng Zhang Qingliang Li Xiangming Guo Yusheng Zhang |
| author_sort | Hanjie Ji |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study numerically investigates electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation in spatially-varying evaporation ducts over rough sea surfaces. Conventional two-dimensional (2D) models assume homogeneous refractive index distribution along the cross-range dimension in a single propagation plane, limiting their ability to capture the 3D spatial heterogeneities present in real-world scenarios. Under significant horizontal gradient variations in evaporation ducts, EM wave propagation effects across the cross-range dimension become significant. We investigate an advanced 3D parabolic equation (3DPE) framework that synergistically integrates anisotropic refractive profiles with sea-surface roughness characterization. An even-odd splitting Fourier transform algorithm enables efficient computational analysis of EM wave propagation across azimuthal planes. Quantitative analysis reveals that the 3DPE framework delivers over 40% performance improvement compared to the 2D model. This approach significantly enhances predictive accuracy for over-the-horizon radar assessments in maritime environments, providing crucial support for optimizing next-generation communication systems. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-21ba4b14b899498fb75a20f70ece693a |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2296-7745 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Marine Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-21ba4b14b899498fb75a20f70ece693a2025-08-20T02:03:16ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Marine Science2296-77452025-06-011210.3389/fmars.2025.16118841611884Numerical modeling of electromagnetic wave propagation in spatially-varying evaporation duct conditions via 3D parabolic equation methodHanjie Ji0Hanjie Ji1Lixin Guo2Yan Zhang3Tianhang Nie4Yiwen Wei5Jinpeng Zhang6Qingliang Li7Xiangming Guo8Yusheng Zhang9School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi’an, ChinaNational Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment, China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao, ChinaSchool of Physics, Xidian University, Xi’an, ChinaSchool of Physics, Xidian University, Xi’an, ChinaSchool of Physics, Xidian University, Xi’an, ChinaSchool of Physics, Xidian University, Xi’an, ChinaNational Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment, China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao, ChinaNational Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment, China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao, ChinaNational Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment, China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao, ChinaNational Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment, China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao, ChinaThis study numerically investigates electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation in spatially-varying evaporation ducts over rough sea surfaces. Conventional two-dimensional (2D) models assume homogeneous refractive index distribution along the cross-range dimension in a single propagation plane, limiting their ability to capture the 3D spatial heterogeneities present in real-world scenarios. Under significant horizontal gradient variations in evaporation ducts, EM wave propagation effects across the cross-range dimension become significant. We investigate an advanced 3D parabolic equation (3DPE) framework that synergistically integrates anisotropic refractive profiles with sea-surface roughness characterization. An even-odd splitting Fourier transform algorithm enables efficient computational analysis of EM wave propagation across azimuthal planes. Quantitative analysis reveals that the 3DPE framework delivers over 40% performance improvement compared to the 2D model. This approach significantly enhances predictive accuracy for over-the-horizon radar assessments in maritime environments, providing crucial support for optimizing next-generation communication systems.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1611884/fullelectromagnetic wave propagationspatially-varying evaporation ducts3D parabolic equationrough sea surfacenumerical modeling |
| spellingShingle | Hanjie Ji Hanjie Ji Lixin Guo Yan Zhang Tianhang Nie Yiwen Wei Jinpeng Zhang Qingliang Li Xiangming Guo Yusheng Zhang Numerical modeling of electromagnetic wave propagation in spatially-varying evaporation duct conditions via 3D parabolic equation method Frontiers in Marine Science electromagnetic wave propagation spatially-varying evaporation ducts 3D parabolic equation rough sea surface numerical modeling |
| title | Numerical modeling of electromagnetic wave propagation in spatially-varying evaporation duct conditions via 3D parabolic equation method |
| title_full | Numerical modeling of electromagnetic wave propagation in spatially-varying evaporation duct conditions via 3D parabolic equation method |
| title_fullStr | Numerical modeling of electromagnetic wave propagation in spatially-varying evaporation duct conditions via 3D parabolic equation method |
| title_full_unstemmed | Numerical modeling of electromagnetic wave propagation in spatially-varying evaporation duct conditions via 3D parabolic equation method |
| title_short | Numerical modeling of electromagnetic wave propagation in spatially-varying evaporation duct conditions via 3D parabolic equation method |
| title_sort | numerical modeling of electromagnetic wave propagation in spatially varying evaporation duct conditions via 3d parabolic equation method |
| topic | electromagnetic wave propagation spatially-varying evaporation ducts 3D parabolic equation rough sea surface numerical modeling |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1611884/full |
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