Metal Oxide Nanocatalysts for the Electrochemical Detection of Propofol
Propofol is one of the most widely used intravenous drugs for anaesthesia and sedation and is one of the most commonly used drugs in intensive care units for the sedation of mechanically ventilated patients. The correct dosage of propofol is of high importance, but there is currently a lack of suita...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/16/2/120 |
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| author | David C. Ferrier Janice Kiely Richard Luxton |
| author_facet | David C. Ferrier Janice Kiely Richard Luxton |
| author_sort | David C. Ferrier |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Propofol is one of the most widely used intravenous drugs for anaesthesia and sedation and is one of the most commonly used drugs in intensive care units for the sedation of mechanically ventilated patients. The correct dosage of propofol is of high importance, but there is currently a lack of suitable point-of-care techniques for determining blood propofol concentrations. Here, we present a cytochrome P450 2B6/carbon nanotube/graphene oxide/metal oxide nanocomposite sensor for discrete measurement of propofol concentration. Propofol is converted into a quinol/quinone redox couple by the enzyme and the nanocomposite enables sensitive and rapid detection. The metal oxide nanoparticles are synthesised via green synthesis and a variety of metal oxides and mixed metal oxides are investigated to determine the optimal nanocatalyst. Converting propofol into the redox couple allows for the measurement to take place over different potential ranges, enabling interference from common sources such as paracetamol and uric acid to be avoided. It was found that nanocomposites containing copper titanium oxide nanoparticles offered the best overall performance and electrodes functionalised with such nanocomposites demonstrated a limit of detection in bovine serum of 0.5 µg/mL and demonstrated a linear response over the therapeutic range of propofol with a sensitivity of 4.58 nA/μg/mL/mm<sup>2</sup>. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-21b424e15e484b8fa51450a1df682fb3 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2072-666X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| series | Micromachines |
| spelling | doaj-art-21b424e15e484b8fa51450a1df682fb32025-08-20T03:12:12ZengMDPI AGMicromachines2072-666X2025-01-0116212010.3390/mi16020120Metal Oxide Nanocatalysts for the Electrochemical Detection of PropofolDavid C. Ferrier0Janice Kiely1Richard Luxton2Institute of Bio-Sensing Technology, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol BS16 1QY, UKInstitute of Bio-Sensing Technology, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol BS16 1QY, UKInstitute of Bio-Sensing Technology, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol BS16 1QY, UKPropofol is one of the most widely used intravenous drugs for anaesthesia and sedation and is one of the most commonly used drugs in intensive care units for the sedation of mechanically ventilated patients. The correct dosage of propofol is of high importance, but there is currently a lack of suitable point-of-care techniques for determining blood propofol concentrations. Here, we present a cytochrome P450 2B6/carbon nanotube/graphene oxide/metal oxide nanocomposite sensor for discrete measurement of propofol concentration. Propofol is converted into a quinol/quinone redox couple by the enzyme and the nanocomposite enables sensitive and rapid detection. The metal oxide nanoparticles are synthesised via green synthesis and a variety of metal oxides and mixed metal oxides are investigated to determine the optimal nanocatalyst. Converting propofol into the redox couple allows for the measurement to take place over different potential ranges, enabling interference from common sources such as paracetamol and uric acid to be avoided. It was found that nanocomposites containing copper titanium oxide nanoparticles offered the best overall performance and electrodes functionalised with such nanocomposites demonstrated a limit of detection in bovine serum of 0.5 µg/mL and demonstrated a linear response over the therapeutic range of propofol with a sensitivity of 4.58 nA/μg/mL/mm<sup>2</sup>.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/16/2/120metal oxide nanoparticlepropofolelectrochemical sensornanocompositegraphene oxidegreen synthesis |
| spellingShingle | David C. Ferrier Janice Kiely Richard Luxton Metal Oxide Nanocatalysts for the Electrochemical Detection of Propofol Micromachines metal oxide nanoparticle propofol electrochemical sensor nanocomposite graphene oxide green synthesis |
| title | Metal Oxide Nanocatalysts for the Electrochemical Detection of Propofol |
| title_full | Metal Oxide Nanocatalysts for the Electrochemical Detection of Propofol |
| title_fullStr | Metal Oxide Nanocatalysts for the Electrochemical Detection of Propofol |
| title_full_unstemmed | Metal Oxide Nanocatalysts for the Electrochemical Detection of Propofol |
| title_short | Metal Oxide Nanocatalysts for the Electrochemical Detection of Propofol |
| title_sort | metal oxide nanocatalysts for the electrochemical detection of propofol |
| topic | metal oxide nanoparticle propofol electrochemical sensor nanocomposite graphene oxide green synthesis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/16/2/120 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT davidcferrier metaloxidenanocatalystsfortheelectrochemicaldetectionofpropofol AT janicekiely metaloxidenanocatalystsfortheelectrochemicaldetectionofpropofol AT richardluxton metaloxidenanocatalystsfortheelectrochemicaldetectionofpropofol |