The importance of political and religious affiliation in explaining county-level COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy

Abstract The authors use county-level data to test whether an array of socioeconomic, demographic, political and religious variables explain COVID-19 vaccination rates. Results presented here build upon previous investigations of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in different contexts and are largely consi...

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Main Authors: Declan R. Carroll, Stephen J. Conroy, Adriana Vamosiu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-04-01
Series:Health Economics Review
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-025-00605-y
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author Declan R. Carroll
Stephen J. Conroy
Adriana Vamosiu
author_facet Declan R. Carroll
Stephen J. Conroy
Adriana Vamosiu
author_sort Declan R. Carroll
collection DOAJ
description Abstract The authors use county-level data to test whether an array of socioeconomic, demographic, political and religious variables explain COVID-19 vaccination rates. Results presented here build upon previous investigations of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in different contexts and are largely consistent with those findings. Background controls such as county’s percent male (+), median age (+), percent White (-), median household income (+), percent self-employed (-), and the percent with a college or higher education (+) explain county-level vaccination rates for COVID-19. Political affiliation (Percent Republican (-)) remains the strongest predictor in terms of overall statistical significance. The county’s percent Catholic (+) and percent Evangelical (-) are also very strong predictors, though in opposite directions. This analysis includes state-level fixed effects and several robustness checks.
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spelling doaj-art-2121f20025cd461099a37afeffe006372025-08-20T03:08:02ZengBMCHealth Economics Review2191-19912025-04-0115111010.1186/s13561-025-00605-yThe importance of political and religious affiliation in explaining county-level COVID-19 Vaccine HesitancyDeclan R. Carroll0Stephen J. Conroy1Adriana Vamosiu2Marketing Division, Leeds School of Business, University of Colorado BoulderDepartment of Economics, Knauss School of Business, University of San DiegoDepartment of Economics, Knauss School of Business, University of San DiegoAbstract The authors use county-level data to test whether an array of socioeconomic, demographic, political and religious variables explain COVID-19 vaccination rates. Results presented here build upon previous investigations of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in different contexts and are largely consistent with those findings. Background controls such as county’s percent male (+), median age (+), percent White (-), median household income (+), percent self-employed (-), and the percent with a college or higher education (+) explain county-level vaccination rates for COVID-19. Political affiliation (Percent Republican (-)) remains the strongest predictor in terms of overall statistical significance. The county’s percent Catholic (+) and percent Evangelical (-) are also very strong predictors, though in opposite directions. This analysis includes state-level fixed effects and several robustness checks.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-025-00605-yVaccine hesitancyCOVID-19
spellingShingle Declan R. Carroll
Stephen J. Conroy
Adriana Vamosiu
The importance of political and religious affiliation in explaining county-level COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy
Health Economics Review
Vaccine hesitancy
COVID-19
title The importance of political and religious affiliation in explaining county-level COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy
title_full The importance of political and religious affiliation in explaining county-level COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy
title_fullStr The importance of political and religious affiliation in explaining county-level COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy
title_full_unstemmed The importance of political and religious affiliation in explaining county-level COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy
title_short The importance of political and religious affiliation in explaining county-level COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy
title_sort importance of political and religious affiliation in explaining county level covid 19 vaccine hesitancy
topic Vaccine hesitancy
COVID-19
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-025-00605-y
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