Correction of crop water deficit indicators based on time-lag effects for improved farmland water status assessment

Crop water deficit indicators such as crop water stress index (CWSI), actual crop evapotranspiration (ET), and stomatal conductance (gs) are widely utilized for soil water content (SWC) monitoring. However, time-lag effects between canopy temperature (Tc) and environmental factors can influence thei...

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Main Authors: Yujin Wang, Zhitao Zhang, Yinwen Chen, Shaoshuai Fan, Haiying Chen, Xuqian Bai, Ning Yang, Zijun Tang, Long Qian, Zhengxuan Mao, Siying Zhang, Junying Chen, Youzhen Xiang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-05-01
Series:Agricultural Water Management
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377425001945
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author Yujin Wang
Zhitao Zhang
Yinwen Chen
Shaoshuai Fan
Haiying Chen
Xuqian Bai
Ning Yang
Zijun Tang
Long Qian
Zhengxuan Mao
Siying Zhang
Junying Chen
Youzhen Xiang
author_facet Yujin Wang
Zhitao Zhang
Yinwen Chen
Shaoshuai Fan
Haiying Chen
Xuqian Bai
Ning Yang
Zijun Tang
Long Qian
Zhengxuan Mao
Siying Zhang
Junying Chen
Youzhen Xiang
author_sort Yujin Wang
collection DOAJ
description Crop water deficit indicators such as crop water stress index (CWSI), actual crop evapotranspiration (ET), and stomatal conductance (gs) are widely utilized for soil water content (SWC) monitoring. However, time-lag effects between canopy temperature (Tc) and environmental factors can influence their correlation with SWC, thereby complicating the identification of the most reliable diagnostic indicator. This study conducted a two-year field experiment on winter wheat under four irrigation levels (80–95 %, 65–80 %, 50–65 %, and 40–50 % field capacity). Time-lag cross-correlation, time-lag mutual information, grey time-lag correlation analysis, time-lag Almon, and time-lag partial least squares (PLS) were applied to calculate the time-lag parameters. These time-lag parameters were subsequently used to correct the correlations between CWSI, ET, gs, and SWC. The indicator with the strongest correlation to SWC was selected and then predicted using four machine learning models. Results demonstrated that time-lag correction significantly enhanced the correlation between SWC and theoretical CWSI, empirical CWSI, gs, and ET, with increases of 0.15, 0.33, 0.11, and 0.21, respectively; Time-lag mutual information exhibited the highest effectiveness in correcting time-lag effects; The sudden decline in gs and the peak advancement in severe water stress treatments led to abrupt changes in time-lag parameters; The Convolutional Neural Network-Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory-Adaptive Boosting model achieved the highest accuracy in predicting gs corrected by time-lag mutual information from 8:00–15:00 (R2=0.96). These results provided a theoretical foundation for accurately assessing soil moisture conditions in agricultural fields and contributed to advancing water conservation techniques in arid farmland.
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publishDate 2025-05-01
publisher Elsevier
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spelling doaj-art-2120702199dd4d8cbf4da80888ffba492025-08-20T02:57:05ZengElsevierAgricultural Water Management1873-22832025-05-0131310948010.1016/j.agwat.2025.109480Correction of crop water deficit indicators based on time-lag effects for improved farmland water status assessmentYujin Wang0Zhitao Zhang1Yinwen Chen2Shaoshuai Fan3Haiying Chen4Xuqian Bai5Ning Yang6Zijun Tang7Long Qian8Zhengxuan Mao9Siying Zhang10Junying Chen11Youzhen Xiang12Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, ChinaKey Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Corresponding author at: Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.College of Language and Culture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, ChinaKey Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, ChinaCollege of Language and Culture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, ChinaKey Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, ChinaKey Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, ChinaKey Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, ChinaKey Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, ChinaKey Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, ChinaKey Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, ChinaKey Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, ChinaKey Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, ChinaCrop water deficit indicators such as crop water stress index (CWSI), actual crop evapotranspiration (ET), and stomatal conductance (gs) are widely utilized for soil water content (SWC) monitoring. However, time-lag effects between canopy temperature (Tc) and environmental factors can influence their correlation with SWC, thereby complicating the identification of the most reliable diagnostic indicator. This study conducted a two-year field experiment on winter wheat under four irrigation levels (80–95 %, 65–80 %, 50–65 %, and 40–50 % field capacity). Time-lag cross-correlation, time-lag mutual information, grey time-lag correlation analysis, time-lag Almon, and time-lag partial least squares (PLS) were applied to calculate the time-lag parameters. These time-lag parameters were subsequently used to correct the correlations between CWSI, ET, gs, and SWC. The indicator with the strongest correlation to SWC was selected and then predicted using four machine learning models. Results demonstrated that time-lag correction significantly enhanced the correlation between SWC and theoretical CWSI, empirical CWSI, gs, and ET, with increases of 0.15, 0.33, 0.11, and 0.21, respectively; Time-lag mutual information exhibited the highest effectiveness in correcting time-lag effects; The sudden decline in gs and the peak advancement in severe water stress treatments led to abrupt changes in time-lag parameters; The Convolutional Neural Network-Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory-Adaptive Boosting model achieved the highest accuracy in predicting gs corrected by time-lag mutual information from 8:00–15:00 (R2=0.96). These results provided a theoretical foundation for accurately assessing soil moisture conditions in agricultural fields and contributed to advancing water conservation techniques in arid farmland.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377425001945Time-lag correctionCrop water statusSoil water contentMachine learning models
spellingShingle Yujin Wang
Zhitao Zhang
Yinwen Chen
Shaoshuai Fan
Haiying Chen
Xuqian Bai
Ning Yang
Zijun Tang
Long Qian
Zhengxuan Mao
Siying Zhang
Junying Chen
Youzhen Xiang
Correction of crop water deficit indicators based on time-lag effects for improved farmland water status assessment
Agricultural Water Management
Time-lag correction
Crop water status
Soil water content
Machine learning models
title Correction of crop water deficit indicators based on time-lag effects for improved farmland water status assessment
title_full Correction of crop water deficit indicators based on time-lag effects for improved farmland water status assessment
title_fullStr Correction of crop water deficit indicators based on time-lag effects for improved farmland water status assessment
title_full_unstemmed Correction of crop water deficit indicators based on time-lag effects for improved farmland water status assessment
title_short Correction of crop water deficit indicators based on time-lag effects for improved farmland water status assessment
title_sort correction of crop water deficit indicators based on time lag effects for improved farmland water status assessment
topic Time-lag correction
Crop water status
Soil water content
Machine learning models
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377425001945
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