Cellular immune signatures and differences of four porcine circovirus type 2 vaccines to heterologous PCV2d infection
Abstract Multiple PCV2 vaccines originating from different antigens and formula are commercially available and have shown great effectiveness in protecting pigs from clinical disease. However, our understanding of the immune mechanisms underlying these vaccine-induced protection is fairly limited, e...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Nature Portfolio
2025-05-01
|
| Series: | npj Vaccines |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-025-01138-5 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1849312155413774336 |
|---|---|
| author | Shuai Li Jiawei Liu Lingbo Meng Susu Yin Hua Wu Jianwen Zou Dongbo Yuan Hairong He Guanghao Yin Xianfeng Jia Xiaoli Hao Shaobin Shang |
| author_facet | Shuai Li Jiawei Liu Lingbo Meng Susu Yin Hua Wu Jianwen Zou Dongbo Yuan Hairong He Guanghao Yin Xianfeng Jia Xiaoli Hao Shaobin Shang |
| author_sort | Shuai Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Multiple PCV2 vaccines originating from different antigens and formula are commercially available and have shown great effectiveness in protecting pigs from clinical disease. However, our understanding of the immune mechanisms underlying these vaccine-induced protection is fairly limited, except for antibody responses. Head-to-head comparisons of T-cell responses induced by these vaccines in pigs would provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of protective immunity against PCV2. Here, T-cell responses in peripheral blood of pigs after vaccination with four representative PCV2 vaccines, as well as local and systemic recall responses following challenge with a PCV2d strain were examined. All four PCV2 vaccines induce a rapid cellular immune response that could be detected as early as 7 days post-vaccination. Some vaccine-primed CD4 T cells exhibit multifunctionality, being capable of secreting double (IFNγ/TNFα) and even triple cytokines (IFNγ/TNFα/IL-2) simultaneously. In contrast, a weak CD8 T cell response was also detected in the vaccinated pigs but just IFNγ/TNFα double producer and lack of cytotoxicity. These vaccine-activated CD4 and CD8 T cells displayed phenotypes of effector memory or terminally-differentiated effector memory T cells, which rapidly expand to subsequent PCV2d challenges. Prior-vaccinated pigs exhibited a stronger T cell cytokine response post-challenge, being most evident in the spleen. Notably, the cellular immune response induced by different types of PCV2 vaccines exhibited high similarity in phenotypic and functional properties, while showing significant differences in kinetics and magnitude. These results advance our understanding of cell-mediated immune protection afforded by different PCV2 vaccines and unravel fundamental differences in cellular immune response induced by PCV2 vaccines utilizing diverse technologies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-21186ec8be5d44378bb1c66cbabd3235 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2059-0105 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | npj Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj-art-21186ec8be5d44378bb1c66cbabd32352025-08-20T03:53:08ZengNature Portfolionpj Vaccines2059-01052025-05-0110111510.1038/s41541-025-01138-5Cellular immune signatures and differences of four porcine circovirus type 2 vaccines to heterologous PCV2d infectionShuai Li0Jiawei Liu1Lingbo Meng2Susu Yin3Hua Wu4Jianwen Zou5Dongbo Yuan6Hairong He7Guanghao Yin8Xianfeng Jia9Xiaoli Hao10Shaobin Shang11College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou UniversityCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou UniversityCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou UniversityCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou UniversityZoetis Enterprise Management (Shanghai) Co. LtdZoetis Enterprise Management (Shanghai) Co. LtdSichuan Center for Animal Disease Control and PreventionKey Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Livestock and Poultry Inputs of the Ministry of AgricultureKey Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Livestock and Poultry Inputs of the Ministry of AgricultureKey Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Livestock and Poultry Inputs of the Ministry of AgricultureCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou UniversityCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou UniversityAbstract Multiple PCV2 vaccines originating from different antigens and formula are commercially available and have shown great effectiveness in protecting pigs from clinical disease. However, our understanding of the immune mechanisms underlying these vaccine-induced protection is fairly limited, except for antibody responses. Head-to-head comparisons of T-cell responses induced by these vaccines in pigs would provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of protective immunity against PCV2. Here, T-cell responses in peripheral blood of pigs after vaccination with four representative PCV2 vaccines, as well as local and systemic recall responses following challenge with a PCV2d strain were examined. All four PCV2 vaccines induce a rapid cellular immune response that could be detected as early as 7 days post-vaccination. Some vaccine-primed CD4 T cells exhibit multifunctionality, being capable of secreting double (IFNγ/TNFα) and even triple cytokines (IFNγ/TNFα/IL-2) simultaneously. In contrast, a weak CD8 T cell response was also detected in the vaccinated pigs but just IFNγ/TNFα double producer and lack of cytotoxicity. These vaccine-activated CD4 and CD8 T cells displayed phenotypes of effector memory or terminally-differentiated effector memory T cells, which rapidly expand to subsequent PCV2d challenges. Prior-vaccinated pigs exhibited a stronger T cell cytokine response post-challenge, being most evident in the spleen. Notably, the cellular immune response induced by different types of PCV2 vaccines exhibited high similarity in phenotypic and functional properties, while showing significant differences in kinetics and magnitude. These results advance our understanding of cell-mediated immune protection afforded by different PCV2 vaccines and unravel fundamental differences in cellular immune response induced by PCV2 vaccines utilizing diverse technologies.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-025-01138-5 |
| spellingShingle | Shuai Li Jiawei Liu Lingbo Meng Susu Yin Hua Wu Jianwen Zou Dongbo Yuan Hairong He Guanghao Yin Xianfeng Jia Xiaoli Hao Shaobin Shang Cellular immune signatures and differences of four porcine circovirus type 2 vaccines to heterologous PCV2d infection npj Vaccines |
| title | Cellular immune signatures and differences of four porcine circovirus type 2 vaccines to heterologous PCV2d infection |
| title_full | Cellular immune signatures and differences of four porcine circovirus type 2 vaccines to heterologous PCV2d infection |
| title_fullStr | Cellular immune signatures and differences of four porcine circovirus type 2 vaccines to heterologous PCV2d infection |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cellular immune signatures and differences of four porcine circovirus type 2 vaccines to heterologous PCV2d infection |
| title_short | Cellular immune signatures and differences of four porcine circovirus type 2 vaccines to heterologous PCV2d infection |
| title_sort | cellular immune signatures and differences of four porcine circovirus type 2 vaccines to heterologous pcv2d infection |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-025-01138-5 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT shuaili cellularimmunesignaturesanddifferencesoffourporcinecircovirustype2vaccinestoheterologouspcv2dinfection AT jiaweiliu cellularimmunesignaturesanddifferencesoffourporcinecircovirustype2vaccinestoheterologouspcv2dinfection AT lingbomeng cellularimmunesignaturesanddifferencesoffourporcinecircovirustype2vaccinestoheterologouspcv2dinfection AT susuyin cellularimmunesignaturesanddifferencesoffourporcinecircovirustype2vaccinestoheterologouspcv2dinfection AT huawu cellularimmunesignaturesanddifferencesoffourporcinecircovirustype2vaccinestoheterologouspcv2dinfection AT jianwenzou cellularimmunesignaturesanddifferencesoffourporcinecircovirustype2vaccinestoheterologouspcv2dinfection AT dongboyuan cellularimmunesignaturesanddifferencesoffourporcinecircovirustype2vaccinestoheterologouspcv2dinfection AT haironghe cellularimmunesignaturesanddifferencesoffourporcinecircovirustype2vaccinestoheterologouspcv2dinfection AT guanghaoyin cellularimmunesignaturesanddifferencesoffourporcinecircovirustype2vaccinestoheterologouspcv2dinfection AT xianfengjia cellularimmunesignaturesanddifferencesoffourporcinecircovirustype2vaccinestoheterologouspcv2dinfection AT xiaolihao cellularimmunesignaturesanddifferencesoffourporcinecircovirustype2vaccinestoheterologouspcv2dinfection AT shaobinshang cellularimmunesignaturesanddifferencesoffourporcinecircovirustype2vaccinestoheterologouspcv2dinfection |