A Comprehensive Approach to Load Frequency Control in Hybrid Power Systems Incorporating Renewable and Conventional Sources with Electric Vehicles and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
This study addresses the load frequency control (LFC) within a multiarea power system characterized by diverse generation sources across three distinct power system areas. area 1 comprises thermal, geothermal, and electric vehicle (EV) generation with superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) s...
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MDPI AG
2024-11-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5939 |
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| author | K. Nagendra K. Varun G. Som Pal K. Santosh Sunil Semwal Manoj Badoni Rajeev Kumar |
| author_facet | K. Nagendra K. Varun G. Som Pal K. Santosh Sunil Semwal Manoj Badoni Rajeev Kumar |
| author_sort | K. Nagendra |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study addresses the load frequency control (LFC) within a multiarea power system characterized by diverse generation sources across three distinct power system areas. area 1 comprises thermal, geothermal, and electric vehicle (EV) generation with superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) support; area 2 encompasses thermal and EV generation; and area 3 includes hydro, gas, and EV generation. The objective is to minimize the area control error (ACE) under various scenarios, including parameter variations and random load changes, using different control strategies: proportional-integral-derivative (PID), two-degree-of-freedom PID (PID-2DF), fractional-order PID (FOPID), fractional-order integral (FOPID-FOI), and fractional-order integral and derivative (FOPID-FOID) controllers. The result analysis under various conditions (normal, random, and parameter variations) evidences the superior performance of the FOPID-FOID control scheme over the others in terms of time-domain specifications like oscillations and settling time. The FOPID-FOID control scheme provides advantages like adaptability/flexibility to system parameter changes and better response time for the current power system. This research is novel because it shows that the FOPID-FOID is an excellent control scheme that can integrate these diverse/renewable sources with modern systems. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-20d657c1dde94172ae2b44ad28edca98 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj-art-20d657c1dde94172ae2b44ad28edca982025-08-20T02:50:33ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732024-11-011723593910.3390/en17235939A Comprehensive Approach to Load Frequency Control in Hybrid Power Systems Incorporating Renewable and Conventional Sources with Electric Vehicles and Superconducting Magnetic Energy StorageK. Nagendra0K. Varun1G. Som Pal2K. Santosh3Sunil Semwal4Manoj Badoni5Rajeev Kumar6Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, G. L. Bajaj Institute of Technology & Management, Greater Noida 201306, IndiaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, K.N.I.T., Sultanpur 228118, IndiaDepartment of Electronics Engineering, K.N.I.T., Sultanpur 228118, IndiaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, K.N.I.T., Sultanpur 228118, IndiaTula’s Institute, Dehradun 248197, Uttarakhand, IndiaDepartment of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala 147004, IndiaDepartment of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad 201206, IndiaThis study addresses the load frequency control (LFC) within a multiarea power system characterized by diverse generation sources across three distinct power system areas. area 1 comprises thermal, geothermal, and electric vehicle (EV) generation with superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) support; area 2 encompasses thermal and EV generation; and area 3 includes hydro, gas, and EV generation. The objective is to minimize the area control error (ACE) under various scenarios, including parameter variations and random load changes, using different control strategies: proportional-integral-derivative (PID), two-degree-of-freedom PID (PID-2DF), fractional-order PID (FOPID), fractional-order integral (FOPID-FOI), and fractional-order integral and derivative (FOPID-FOID) controllers. The result analysis under various conditions (normal, random, and parameter variations) evidences the superior performance of the FOPID-FOID control scheme over the others in terms of time-domain specifications like oscillations and settling time. The FOPID-FOID control scheme provides advantages like adaptability/flexibility to system parameter changes and better response time for the current power system. This research is novel because it shows that the FOPID-FOID is an excellent control scheme that can integrate these diverse/renewable sources with modern systems.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5939optimizationelectric vehicles (EVs)fractional-order controllerload frequency controlrenewable energy sourcesSMES |
| spellingShingle | K. Nagendra K. Varun G. Som Pal K. Santosh Sunil Semwal Manoj Badoni Rajeev Kumar A Comprehensive Approach to Load Frequency Control in Hybrid Power Systems Incorporating Renewable and Conventional Sources with Electric Vehicles and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Energies optimization electric vehicles (EVs) fractional-order controller load frequency control renewable energy sources SMES |
| title | A Comprehensive Approach to Load Frequency Control in Hybrid Power Systems Incorporating Renewable and Conventional Sources with Electric Vehicles and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage |
| title_full | A Comprehensive Approach to Load Frequency Control in Hybrid Power Systems Incorporating Renewable and Conventional Sources with Electric Vehicles and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage |
| title_fullStr | A Comprehensive Approach to Load Frequency Control in Hybrid Power Systems Incorporating Renewable and Conventional Sources with Electric Vehicles and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Comprehensive Approach to Load Frequency Control in Hybrid Power Systems Incorporating Renewable and Conventional Sources with Electric Vehicles and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage |
| title_short | A Comprehensive Approach to Load Frequency Control in Hybrid Power Systems Incorporating Renewable and Conventional Sources with Electric Vehicles and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage |
| title_sort | comprehensive approach to load frequency control in hybrid power systems incorporating renewable and conventional sources with electric vehicles and superconducting magnetic energy storage |
| topic | optimization electric vehicles (EVs) fractional-order controller load frequency control renewable energy sources SMES |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5939 |
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