Bi-Directional Gaze-Based Communication: A Review

Bi-directional gaze-based communication offers an intuitive and natural way for users to interact with systems. This approach utilizes the user’s gaze not only to communicate intent but also to obtain feedback, which promotes mutual understanding and trust between the user and the system. In this re...

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Main Authors: Björn Rene Severitt, Nora Castner, Siegfried Wahl
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-12-01
Series:Multimodal Technologies and Interaction
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/8/12/108
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author Björn Rene Severitt
Nora Castner
Siegfried Wahl
author_facet Björn Rene Severitt
Nora Castner
Siegfried Wahl
author_sort Björn Rene Severitt
collection DOAJ
description Bi-directional gaze-based communication offers an intuitive and natural way for users to interact with systems. This approach utilizes the user’s gaze not only to communicate intent but also to obtain feedback, which promotes mutual understanding and trust between the user and the system. In this review, we explore the state of the art in gaze-based communication, focusing on both directions: From user to system and from system to user. First, we examine how eye-tracking data is processed and utilized for communication from the user to the system. This includes a range of techniques for gaze-based interaction and the critical role of intent prediction, which enhances the system’s ability to anticipate the user’s needs. Next, we analyze the reverse pathway—how systems provide feedback to users via various channels, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Finally, we discuss the potential integration of these two communication streams, paving the way for more intuitive and efficient gaze-based interaction models, especially in the context of Artificial Intelligence. Our overview emphasizes the future prospects for combining these approaches to create seamless, trust-building communication between users and systems. Ensuring that these systems are designed with a focus on usability and accessibility will be critical to making them effective communication tools for a wide range of users.
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spelling doaj-art-209c9ab4149b4bec85fcc24cfa6260bb2025-08-20T02:01:20ZengMDPI AGMultimodal Technologies and Interaction2414-40882024-12-0181210810.3390/mti8120108Bi-Directional Gaze-Based Communication: A ReviewBjörn Rene Severitt0Nora Castner1Siegfried Wahl2ZEISS Vision Science Lab, University of Tübingen, Maria-von-Linden-Straße 6, 72076 Tübingen, GermanyCarl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Turnstrasse 27, 73430 Aalen, GermanyZEISS Vision Science Lab, University of Tübingen, Maria-von-Linden-Straße 6, 72076 Tübingen, GermanyBi-directional gaze-based communication offers an intuitive and natural way for users to interact with systems. This approach utilizes the user’s gaze not only to communicate intent but also to obtain feedback, which promotes mutual understanding and trust between the user and the system. In this review, we explore the state of the art in gaze-based communication, focusing on both directions: From user to system and from system to user. First, we examine how eye-tracking data is processed and utilized for communication from the user to the system. This includes a range of techniques for gaze-based interaction and the critical role of intent prediction, which enhances the system’s ability to anticipate the user’s needs. Next, we analyze the reverse pathway—how systems provide feedback to users via various channels, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Finally, we discuss the potential integration of these two communication streams, paving the way for more intuitive and efficient gaze-based interaction models, especially in the context of Artificial Intelligence. Our overview emphasizes the future prospects for combining these approaches to create seamless, trust-building communication between users and systems. Ensuring that these systems are designed with a focus on usability and accessibility will be critical to making them effective communication tools for a wide range of users.https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/8/12/108accessibilityeye movements and cognitionerror predictiongaze interactionmachine learningeye tracking
spellingShingle Björn Rene Severitt
Nora Castner
Siegfried Wahl
Bi-Directional Gaze-Based Communication: A Review
Multimodal Technologies and Interaction
accessibility
eye movements and cognition
error prediction
gaze interaction
machine learning
eye tracking
title Bi-Directional Gaze-Based Communication: A Review
title_full Bi-Directional Gaze-Based Communication: A Review
title_fullStr Bi-Directional Gaze-Based Communication: A Review
title_full_unstemmed Bi-Directional Gaze-Based Communication: A Review
title_short Bi-Directional Gaze-Based Communication: A Review
title_sort bi directional gaze based communication a review
topic accessibility
eye movements and cognition
error prediction
gaze interaction
machine learning
eye tracking
url https://www.mdpi.com/2414-4088/8/12/108
work_keys_str_mv AT bjornreneseveritt bidirectionalgazebasedcommunicationareview
AT noracastner bidirectionalgazebasedcommunicationareview
AT siegfriedwahl bidirectionalgazebasedcommunicationareview