Genome-Wide Analysis of the <i>CDPK</i> Gene Family in <i>Populus tomentosa</i> and Their Expressions in Response to Arsenic Stress and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Colonization
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are crucial regulators in calcium-mediated signal transduction pathways, playing a pivotal role in plant response to abiotic stresses. However, there is still limited knowledge regarding the genes of the <i>Populus tomentosa CDPK</i> family and t...
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2025-07-01
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| author | Minggui Gong Jiajie Su Shuaihui Wang Youjia Wang Weipeng Wang Xuedong Chen Qiaoming Zhang |
| author_facet | Minggui Gong Jiajie Su Shuaihui Wang Youjia Wang Weipeng Wang Xuedong Chen Qiaoming Zhang |
| author_sort | Minggui Gong |
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| description | Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are crucial regulators in calcium-mediated signal transduction pathways, playing a pivotal role in plant response to abiotic stresses. However, there is still limited knowledge regarding the genes of the <i>Populus tomentosa CDPK</i> family and their underlying functions in response to arsenic (As) stress and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization. In our study, 20 <i>PtCDPKs</i> were identified in the <i>P. tomentosa</i> genome. Phylogenetic analysis categorized these <i>PtCDPK</i> genes into four subgroups based on sequence homology. Motif analysis revealed that <i>PtCDPK</i> genes within the same group share a similar exon–intron structure, conserved domains, and composition. The promoters of <i>PtCDPK</i> genes were found to contain a multitude of cis-acting elements, including light-response elements, phytohormone-response elements, and stress-response elements. The analysis of genes provided insights into the evolutionary dynamics and expansion of the <i>PtCDPK</i> gene family within <i>P. tomentosa</i>. The <i>PtCDPK</i> genes exhibited a strong collinear relationship with the <i>CDPK</i> genes of two model plants, namely, <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> and <i>Oryza sativa</i> L. Specifically, 10 gene pairs showed collinearity with <i>Arabidopsis</i>; in contrast, 14 gene pairs were collinear with rice. Transcriptome analysis of gene expression levels in <i>P. tomentosa</i> roots under both As stress and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization conditions revealed that 20 <i>PtCDPK</i> genes had differential expression patterns. Under As stress, AMF inoculation led to the upregulation of 11 P<i>tCDPK</i> genes (<i>PtCDPKSK5</i>, <i>X2</i>, <i>1</i>-<i>3</i>, <i>20</i>-<i>1</i>, <i>24</i>, <i>26</i>-<i>X1</i>-<i>1</i>, <i>26</i>-<i>X1</i>-<i>2</i>, <i>29</i>-<i>1</i>, <i>29</i>-<i>2</i>, <i>32</i>, and <i>32</i>-<i>X1</i>) and the downregulation of 8 <i>PtCDPK</i> genes, including <i>PtCDPK1</i>-<i>1</i>, <i>1</i>-<i>2</i>, <i>8</i>-<i>X1</i>, <i>10</i>-<i>X4</i>, <i>13</i>, <i>20</i>-<i>2</i>, <i>26</i>-<i>X2</i>, and <i>26</i>-<i>X3</i>. The RT-qPCR results for 10 <i>PtCDPK</i> genes were consistent with the transcriptome data, indicating that AMF symbiosis plays a regulatory role in modulating the expression of <i>PtCDPK</i> genes in response to As stress. The principal findings of this study were that <i>PtCDPK</i> genes showed differential expression patterns under As stress and AMF colonization, with AMF regulating <i>PtCDPK</i> gene expression in response to As stress. Our study contributes to developing a deeper understanding of the function of <i>PtCDPKs</i> in the Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling pathway of <i>P. tomentosa</i> under As stress and AMF inoculation, which is pivotal for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying As tolerance in AMF-inoculated <i>P. tomentosa</i>. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-209397dc24764eebbb92fd87f40ac7ec2025-08-20T03:32:31ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952025-07-01157165510.3390/agronomy15071655Genome-Wide Analysis of the <i>CDPK</i> Gene Family in <i>Populus tomentosa</i> and Their Expressions in Response to Arsenic Stress and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ColonizationMinggui Gong0Jiajie Su1Shuaihui Wang2Youjia Wang3Weipeng Wang4Xuedong Chen5Qiaoming Zhang6College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, ChinaCollege of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, ChinaCollege of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, ChinaCollege of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, ChinaCollege of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, ChinaCollege of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, ChinaCollege of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, ChinaCalcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are crucial regulators in calcium-mediated signal transduction pathways, playing a pivotal role in plant response to abiotic stresses. However, there is still limited knowledge regarding the genes of the <i>Populus tomentosa CDPK</i> family and their underlying functions in response to arsenic (As) stress and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization. In our study, 20 <i>PtCDPKs</i> were identified in the <i>P. tomentosa</i> genome. Phylogenetic analysis categorized these <i>PtCDPK</i> genes into four subgroups based on sequence homology. Motif analysis revealed that <i>PtCDPK</i> genes within the same group share a similar exon–intron structure, conserved domains, and composition. The promoters of <i>PtCDPK</i> genes were found to contain a multitude of cis-acting elements, including light-response elements, phytohormone-response elements, and stress-response elements. The analysis of genes provided insights into the evolutionary dynamics and expansion of the <i>PtCDPK</i> gene family within <i>P. tomentosa</i>. The <i>PtCDPK</i> genes exhibited a strong collinear relationship with the <i>CDPK</i> genes of two model plants, namely, <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> and <i>Oryza sativa</i> L. Specifically, 10 gene pairs showed collinearity with <i>Arabidopsis</i>; in contrast, 14 gene pairs were collinear with rice. Transcriptome analysis of gene expression levels in <i>P. tomentosa</i> roots under both As stress and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization conditions revealed that 20 <i>PtCDPK</i> genes had differential expression patterns. Under As stress, AMF inoculation led to the upregulation of 11 P<i>tCDPK</i> genes (<i>PtCDPKSK5</i>, <i>X2</i>, <i>1</i>-<i>3</i>, <i>20</i>-<i>1</i>, <i>24</i>, <i>26</i>-<i>X1</i>-<i>1</i>, <i>26</i>-<i>X1</i>-<i>2</i>, <i>29</i>-<i>1</i>, <i>29</i>-<i>2</i>, <i>32</i>, and <i>32</i>-<i>X1</i>) and the downregulation of 8 <i>PtCDPK</i> genes, including <i>PtCDPK1</i>-<i>1</i>, <i>1</i>-<i>2</i>, <i>8</i>-<i>X1</i>, <i>10</i>-<i>X4</i>, <i>13</i>, <i>20</i>-<i>2</i>, <i>26</i>-<i>X2</i>, and <i>26</i>-<i>X3</i>. The RT-qPCR results for 10 <i>PtCDPK</i> genes were consistent with the transcriptome data, indicating that AMF symbiosis plays a regulatory role in modulating the expression of <i>PtCDPK</i> genes in response to As stress. The principal findings of this study were that <i>PtCDPK</i> genes showed differential expression patterns under As stress and AMF colonization, with AMF regulating <i>PtCDPK</i> gene expression in response to As stress. Our study contributes to developing a deeper understanding of the function of <i>PtCDPKs</i> in the Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling pathway of <i>P. tomentosa</i> under As stress and AMF inoculation, which is pivotal for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying As tolerance in AMF-inoculated <i>P. tomentosa</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/7/1655<i>Populus tomentosa</i>CDPKexpression patternsarsenic stressgene structurephylogenetic analysis |
| spellingShingle | Minggui Gong Jiajie Su Shuaihui Wang Youjia Wang Weipeng Wang Xuedong Chen Qiaoming Zhang Genome-Wide Analysis of the <i>CDPK</i> Gene Family in <i>Populus tomentosa</i> and Their Expressions in Response to Arsenic Stress and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Colonization Agronomy <i>Populus tomentosa</i> CDPK expression patterns arsenic stress gene structure phylogenetic analysis |
| title | Genome-Wide Analysis of the <i>CDPK</i> Gene Family in <i>Populus tomentosa</i> and Their Expressions in Response to Arsenic Stress and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Colonization |
| title_full | Genome-Wide Analysis of the <i>CDPK</i> Gene Family in <i>Populus tomentosa</i> and Their Expressions in Response to Arsenic Stress and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Colonization |
| title_fullStr | Genome-Wide Analysis of the <i>CDPK</i> Gene Family in <i>Populus tomentosa</i> and Their Expressions in Response to Arsenic Stress and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Colonization |
| title_full_unstemmed | Genome-Wide Analysis of the <i>CDPK</i> Gene Family in <i>Populus tomentosa</i> and Their Expressions in Response to Arsenic Stress and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Colonization |
| title_short | Genome-Wide Analysis of the <i>CDPK</i> Gene Family in <i>Populus tomentosa</i> and Their Expressions in Response to Arsenic Stress and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Colonization |
| title_sort | genome wide analysis of the i cdpk i gene family in i populus tomentosa i and their expressions in response to arsenic stress and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization |
| topic | <i>Populus tomentosa</i> CDPK expression patterns arsenic stress gene structure phylogenetic analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/7/1655 |
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