Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Spectrum of Symptoms Beyond Motor Dysfunction
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune-mediated neurodegenerative disease that affects young adults. The diagnosis of MS currently based on the McDonald criteria, which based on four core principles: the presence of a symptomatic demyelinating syndrome, an objective neurologic finding, the...
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Clinical and Translational Neuroscience |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2514-183X/9/1/19 |
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| author | Majed Alluqmani |
| author_facet | Majed Alluqmani |
| author_sort | Majed Alluqmani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune-mediated neurodegenerative disease that affects young adults. The diagnosis of MS currently based on the McDonald criteria, which based on four core principles: the presence of a symptomatic demyelinating syndrome, an objective neurologic finding, the dissemination in space (DIS), and the dissemination in time (DIT). In addition, the diagnosis of MS relies on the exclusion of any alternative diagnosis. This may implicate the absence of systemic non-neurological symptoms and signs, such as rheumatological, cutaneous, or ophthalmological findings. Nevertheless, the non-neurological symptoms are commonly observed in patients with MS either at the onset of MS, which therefore can delay the diagnosis and the incrementation of a disease-modifying therapy, or during the course of the disease progression. The purpose of our review is to highlight non-neurological symptoms of MS that frequently go undiagnosed or mistakenly linked to other conditions, aiming for the more accurate and earlier diagnosis of MS. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2087b4f476c943148affc335793c41ea |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2514-183X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Clinical and Translational Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj-art-2087b4f476c943148affc335793c41ea2025-08-20T02:42:42ZengMDPI AGClinical and Translational Neuroscience2514-183X2025-03-01911910.3390/ctn9010019Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Spectrum of Symptoms Beyond Motor DysfunctionMajed Alluqmani0Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi ArabiaMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune-mediated neurodegenerative disease that affects young adults. The diagnosis of MS currently based on the McDonald criteria, which based on four core principles: the presence of a symptomatic demyelinating syndrome, an objective neurologic finding, the dissemination in space (DIS), and the dissemination in time (DIT). In addition, the diagnosis of MS relies on the exclusion of any alternative diagnosis. This may implicate the absence of systemic non-neurological symptoms and signs, such as rheumatological, cutaneous, or ophthalmological findings. Nevertheless, the non-neurological symptoms are commonly observed in patients with MS either at the onset of MS, which therefore can delay the diagnosis and the incrementation of a disease-modifying therapy, or during the course of the disease progression. The purpose of our review is to highlight non-neurological symptoms of MS that frequently go undiagnosed or mistakenly linked to other conditions, aiming for the more accurate and earlier diagnosis of MS.https://www.mdpi.com/2514-183X/9/1/19multiple sclerosisnon-neurologicalsymptomsmusculoskeletaldermatologicalophthalmological |
| spellingShingle | Majed Alluqmani Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Spectrum of Symptoms Beyond Motor Dysfunction Clinical and Translational Neuroscience multiple sclerosis non-neurological symptoms musculoskeletal dermatological ophthalmological |
| title | Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Spectrum of Symptoms Beyond Motor Dysfunction |
| title_full | Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Spectrum of Symptoms Beyond Motor Dysfunction |
| title_fullStr | Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Spectrum of Symptoms Beyond Motor Dysfunction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Spectrum of Symptoms Beyond Motor Dysfunction |
| title_short | Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Spectrum of Symptoms Beyond Motor Dysfunction |
| title_sort | multiple sclerosis a comprehensive spectrum of symptoms beyond motor dysfunction |
| topic | multiple sclerosis non-neurological symptoms musculoskeletal dermatological ophthalmological |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2514-183X/9/1/19 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT majedalluqmani multiplesclerosisacomprehensivespectrumofsymptomsbeyondmotordysfunction |