Exploring the Safety of the Sustainable Toxicity Testing in Zebrafish and Brine Shrimp Using Nanoemulsions Formulated from Fish Byproducts and Lemon Oil
Nanoemulsions, characterized by their nanosized particles ranging from 20 to 200 nm, are effective carriers for drug molecules. Our novel oil-in-water nanoemulsion, NE-FLO™, formulated from lemon and fish byproduct oils, demonstrates promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, with initi...
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MDPI AG
2024-10-01
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| Series: | Colloids and Interfaces |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-5377/8/6/59 |
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| author | Amira Ayman Hendawy Amal A. M. Elgharbawy Najihah Mohd Noor Nurhidayu Al-Saari Nor Azrini Nadiha Azmi Hamzah Mohd Salleh |
| author_facet | Amira Ayman Hendawy Amal A. M. Elgharbawy Najihah Mohd Noor Nurhidayu Al-Saari Nor Azrini Nadiha Azmi Hamzah Mohd Salleh |
| author_sort | Amira Ayman Hendawy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nanoemulsions, characterized by their nanosized particles ranging from 20 to 200 nm, are effective carriers for drug molecules. Our novel oil-in-water nanoemulsion, NE-FLO™, formulated from lemon and fish byproduct oils, demonstrates promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, with initial studies indicating nontoxicity to normal skin cells. This study investigated the safety of NE-FLO™ using brine shrimp (<i>Artemia salina</i>) and zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) models, focusing on concentration-dependent effects and LC<sub>50</sub> values. At lower concentrations (0.1 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>, 0.01 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>, and 0.001 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>), NE-FLO™ showed minimal toxicity without adverse effects. However, at 1 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>, reduced survival rates indicate potential toxicity. Specifically, this concentration also induces altered swimming behaviors in zebrafish. LC<sub>50</sub> values are 8.7474 mg·L<sup>−1</sup> for brine shrimp and 0.316 mg·L<sup>−1</sup> for adult zebrafish. These results underscore the necessity for further detailed investigations into NE-FLO™, balancing its therapeutic benefits with potential toxicity risks. This study emphasizes the importance of optimizing nanoemulsion formulations from fish oil and conducting comprehensive safety assessments to meet regulatory standards. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-20865806f55047f9bf195dcd3a2a0892 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2504-5377 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Colloids and Interfaces |
| spelling | doaj-art-20865806f55047f9bf195dcd3a2a08922025-08-20T02:53:38ZengMDPI AGColloids and Interfaces2504-53772024-10-01865910.3390/colloids8060059Exploring the Safety of the Sustainable Toxicity Testing in Zebrafish and Brine Shrimp Using Nanoemulsions Formulated from Fish Byproducts and Lemon OilAmira Ayman Hendawy0Amal A. M. Elgharbawy1Najihah Mohd Noor2Nurhidayu Al-Saari3Nor Azrini Nadiha Azmi4Hamzah Mohd Salleh5International Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART), International Islamic University Malaysia, Gombak 53100, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaInternational Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART), International Islamic University Malaysia, Gombak 53100, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Sustainability, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Gombak 50728, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaInternational Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART), International Islamic University Malaysia, Gombak 53100, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaHalal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaHalalan Thayyiban Research Centre, Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1310, BruneiNanoemulsions, characterized by their nanosized particles ranging from 20 to 200 nm, are effective carriers for drug molecules. Our novel oil-in-water nanoemulsion, NE-FLO™, formulated from lemon and fish byproduct oils, demonstrates promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, with initial studies indicating nontoxicity to normal skin cells. This study investigated the safety of NE-FLO™ using brine shrimp (<i>Artemia salina</i>) and zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) models, focusing on concentration-dependent effects and LC<sub>50</sub> values. At lower concentrations (0.1 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>, 0.01 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>, and 0.001 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>), NE-FLO™ showed minimal toxicity without adverse effects. However, at 1 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>, reduced survival rates indicate potential toxicity. Specifically, this concentration also induces altered swimming behaviors in zebrafish. LC<sub>50</sub> values are 8.7474 mg·L<sup>−1</sup> for brine shrimp and 0.316 mg·L<sup>−1</sup> for adult zebrafish. These results underscore the necessity for further detailed investigations into NE-FLO™, balancing its therapeutic benefits with potential toxicity risks. This study emphasizes the importance of optimizing nanoemulsion formulations from fish oil and conducting comprehensive safety assessments to meet regulatory standards.https://www.mdpi.com/2504-5377/8/6/59nanoemulsionzebrafishtoxicitysustainabilityfish oilsafety |
| spellingShingle | Amira Ayman Hendawy Amal A. M. Elgharbawy Najihah Mohd Noor Nurhidayu Al-Saari Nor Azrini Nadiha Azmi Hamzah Mohd Salleh Exploring the Safety of the Sustainable Toxicity Testing in Zebrafish and Brine Shrimp Using Nanoemulsions Formulated from Fish Byproducts and Lemon Oil Colloids and Interfaces nanoemulsion zebrafish toxicity sustainability fish oil safety |
| title | Exploring the Safety of the Sustainable Toxicity Testing in Zebrafish and Brine Shrimp Using Nanoemulsions Formulated from Fish Byproducts and Lemon Oil |
| title_full | Exploring the Safety of the Sustainable Toxicity Testing in Zebrafish and Brine Shrimp Using Nanoemulsions Formulated from Fish Byproducts and Lemon Oil |
| title_fullStr | Exploring the Safety of the Sustainable Toxicity Testing in Zebrafish and Brine Shrimp Using Nanoemulsions Formulated from Fish Byproducts and Lemon Oil |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exploring the Safety of the Sustainable Toxicity Testing in Zebrafish and Brine Shrimp Using Nanoemulsions Formulated from Fish Byproducts and Lemon Oil |
| title_short | Exploring the Safety of the Sustainable Toxicity Testing in Zebrafish and Brine Shrimp Using Nanoemulsions Formulated from Fish Byproducts and Lemon Oil |
| title_sort | exploring the safety of the sustainable toxicity testing in zebrafish and brine shrimp using nanoemulsions formulated from fish byproducts and lemon oil |
| topic | nanoemulsion zebrafish toxicity sustainability fish oil safety |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-5377/8/6/59 |
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