Regulatory Effects of Companion Plants (Maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) and <i>Perilla frutescens</i>) on American Ginseng Growth and Microbiome in Root Rot-Infested Field
American ginseng (AG) cultivation suffers from severe diseases, requiring heavy pesticide use. This study aimed to explore whether companion planting with maize (AG-maize) or <i>Perilla frutescens</i> (AG-perilla) could enhance AG growth and alter rhizosphere/root microbiomes in a root r...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| author | Dan Luo Dengqun Liao Tingting Han Changhao Ji Chao He Xianen Li |
| author_facet | Dan Luo Dengqun Liao Tingting Han Changhao Ji Chao He Xianen Li |
| author_sort | Dan Luo |
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| description | American ginseng (AG) cultivation suffers from severe diseases, requiring heavy pesticide use. This study aimed to explore whether companion planting with maize (AG-maize) or <i>Perilla frutescens</i> (AG-perilla) could enhance AG growth and alter rhizosphere/root microbiomes in a root rot-infested field. Compared to monoculture (CK), companion planting significantly improved AG growth and survival rate at wither stage, with AG-maize showing the superior efficacy- increasing root length and fresh weight, and plant height by 39.04%, 46.10%, and 48.69%, respectively, while raising survival rate from 1.51% to 14.54%. Microbial analysis revealed that companion planting increased microbiome diversity and network complexity. At green fruit stage, AG-perilla increased rhizosphere fungal Chao1 index by 42.6%, while AG-maize and AG-perilla elevated endophytic fungal Shannon indices by 46.68% and 74.84%, respectively. At wither stage, AG-maize notably enriched beneficial microbes (e.g., soil <i>Pseudomonas</i> +108.49%, <i>Bacillus</i> +200.73%) while reducing pathogens (soil <i>Fusarium</i> −20.04%, root endophytic <i>Alternaria</i> −54.55%). Structural equation model indicated AG-maize improved AG survival via core species-driven antibiosis and nutrient regulation, with keystone species <i>Lysobacter</i> sp. RHLT3-4 and <i>Verrucomicrobium</i> sp. IMCC25902 significantly correlating with AG health. The AG-maize system fostered synergistic microbial networks, enriching beneficial taxa and suppressing pathogens. These findings provide a foundation for developing eco-friendly disease management and high-yield AG cultivation strategies. |
| format | Article |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-207f90146e1343adb1c48a0cc8b4697c2025-08-20T02:21:50ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472025-06-011412187110.3390/plants14121871Regulatory Effects of Companion Plants (Maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) and <i>Perilla frutescens</i>) on American Ginseng Growth and Microbiome in Root Rot-Infested FieldDan Luo0Dengqun Liao1Tingting Han2Changhao Ji3Chao He4Xianen Li5Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, ChinaInstitute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, ChinaInstitute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, ChinaInstitute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, ChinaInstitute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, ChinaAmerican ginseng (AG) cultivation suffers from severe diseases, requiring heavy pesticide use. This study aimed to explore whether companion planting with maize (AG-maize) or <i>Perilla frutescens</i> (AG-perilla) could enhance AG growth and alter rhizosphere/root microbiomes in a root rot-infested field. Compared to monoculture (CK), companion planting significantly improved AG growth and survival rate at wither stage, with AG-maize showing the superior efficacy- increasing root length and fresh weight, and plant height by 39.04%, 46.10%, and 48.69%, respectively, while raising survival rate from 1.51% to 14.54%. Microbial analysis revealed that companion planting increased microbiome diversity and network complexity. At green fruit stage, AG-perilla increased rhizosphere fungal Chao1 index by 42.6%, while AG-maize and AG-perilla elevated endophytic fungal Shannon indices by 46.68% and 74.84%, respectively. At wither stage, AG-maize notably enriched beneficial microbes (e.g., soil <i>Pseudomonas</i> +108.49%, <i>Bacillus</i> +200.73%) while reducing pathogens (soil <i>Fusarium</i> −20.04%, root endophytic <i>Alternaria</i> −54.55%). Structural equation model indicated AG-maize improved AG survival via core species-driven antibiosis and nutrient regulation, with keystone species <i>Lysobacter</i> sp. RHLT3-4 and <i>Verrucomicrobium</i> sp. IMCC25902 significantly correlating with AG health. The AG-maize system fostered synergistic microbial networks, enriching beneficial taxa and suppressing pathogens. These findings provide a foundation for developing eco-friendly disease management and high-yield AG cultivation strategies.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/12/1871American ginseng (<i>Panax quinquefolius</i>)companion plantingmaize (<i>Zea mays</i>)<i>Perilla frutescens</i>rhizospheric soil microbiomeroot endophytic microbiome |
| spellingShingle | Dan Luo Dengqun Liao Tingting Han Changhao Ji Chao He Xianen Li Regulatory Effects of Companion Plants (Maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) and <i>Perilla frutescens</i>) on American Ginseng Growth and Microbiome in Root Rot-Infested Field Plants American ginseng (<i>Panax quinquefolius</i>) companion planting maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) <i>Perilla frutescens</i> rhizospheric soil microbiome root endophytic microbiome |
| title | Regulatory Effects of Companion Plants (Maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) and <i>Perilla frutescens</i>) on American Ginseng Growth and Microbiome in Root Rot-Infested Field |
| title_full | Regulatory Effects of Companion Plants (Maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) and <i>Perilla frutescens</i>) on American Ginseng Growth and Microbiome in Root Rot-Infested Field |
| title_fullStr | Regulatory Effects of Companion Plants (Maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) and <i>Perilla frutescens</i>) on American Ginseng Growth and Microbiome in Root Rot-Infested Field |
| title_full_unstemmed | Regulatory Effects of Companion Plants (Maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) and <i>Perilla frutescens</i>) on American Ginseng Growth and Microbiome in Root Rot-Infested Field |
| title_short | Regulatory Effects of Companion Plants (Maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) and <i>Perilla frutescens</i>) on American Ginseng Growth and Microbiome in Root Rot-Infested Field |
| title_sort | regulatory effects of companion plants maize i zea mays i and i perilla frutescens i on american ginseng growth and microbiome in root rot infested field |
| topic | American ginseng (<i>Panax quinquefolius</i>) companion planting maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) <i>Perilla frutescens</i> rhizospheric soil microbiome root endophytic microbiome |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/12/1871 |
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