Effect of the ripening stage on the mechanical, acoustics, and food oral processing properties of apples

This study evaluated and compared the mechanical, acoustics, and food oral processing properties of two apple varieties, Braeburn and Golden Delicious, depending on their ripening stage, during 15-d shelf-life period after harvest. The correlation between acoustics and mechanical properties varied b...

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Main Authors: Ana Sredojevic, Dragan Radivojevic, Steva Levic, Milica Fotiric Aksic, Jasminka Milivojevic, Slavica Spasojevic, Ilija Djekic
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2025-12-01
Series:International Journal of Food Properties
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Online Access:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/10942912.2025.2511873
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author Ana Sredojevic
Dragan Radivojevic
Steva Levic
Milica Fotiric Aksic
Jasminka Milivojevic
Slavica Spasojevic
Ilija Djekic
author_facet Ana Sredojevic
Dragan Radivojevic
Steva Levic
Milica Fotiric Aksic
Jasminka Milivojevic
Slavica Spasojevic
Ilija Djekic
author_sort Ana Sredojevic
collection DOAJ
description This study evaluated and compared the mechanical, acoustics, and food oral processing properties of two apple varieties, Braeburn and Golden Delicious, depending on their ripening stage, during 15-d shelf-life period after harvest. The correlation between acoustics and mechanical properties varied by variety and ripening stage. Braeburn apples initially showed 5 correlations, which declined to 1 by 15 d, while Golden Delicious had 2 correlations at the beginning and 3 at the end of shelf-life, indicating more stable texture over time. Braeburn apples required fewer chews (under 20) and shorter mastication time (12–14 s), whereas Golden Delicious needed more chews (over 25) and longer mastication time (15–22 s), with significant differences across shelf-life. Particle size analysis showed a greater reduction in large particles for Braeburn, while Golden Delicious maintained more consistent sizes. By 10 and 15 d, overripe Braeburn apples developed noticeable mealiness, forming an unstructured bolus with indistinct particles. In contrast, Golden Delicious apples preserved a more uniform texture. These findings highlight the importance of considering both mechanical and acoustics properties, as well as mastication behavior when evaluating apple quality and consumer experience, with implications for postharvest handling and product development.
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spelling doaj-art-204ee441a0ac4685b96a69b69e7d0f2b2025-08-20T02:17:14ZengTaylor & Francis GroupInternational Journal of Food Properties1094-29121532-23862025-12-0128110.1080/10942912.2025.2511873Effect of the ripening stage on the mechanical, acoustics, and food oral processing properties of applesAna Sredojevic0Dragan Radivojevic1Steva Levic2Milica Fotiric Aksic3Jasminka Milivojevic4Slavica Spasojevic5Ilija Djekic6Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Zemun, SerbiaDepartment of Fruit Growing and Viticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Zemun, SerbiaDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Zemun, SerbiaDepartment of Fruit Growing and Viticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Zemun, SerbiaDepartment of Fruit Growing and Viticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Zemun, SerbiaDepartment of Fruit Growing and Viticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Zemun, SerbiaDepartment of Food Safety and Quality Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Zemun, SerbiaThis study evaluated and compared the mechanical, acoustics, and food oral processing properties of two apple varieties, Braeburn and Golden Delicious, depending on their ripening stage, during 15-d shelf-life period after harvest. The correlation between acoustics and mechanical properties varied by variety and ripening stage. Braeburn apples initially showed 5 correlations, which declined to 1 by 15 d, while Golden Delicious had 2 correlations at the beginning and 3 at the end of shelf-life, indicating more stable texture over time. Braeburn apples required fewer chews (under 20) and shorter mastication time (12–14 s), whereas Golden Delicious needed more chews (over 25) and longer mastication time (15–22 s), with significant differences across shelf-life. Particle size analysis showed a greater reduction in large particles for Braeburn, while Golden Delicious maintained more consistent sizes. By 10 and 15 d, overripe Braeburn apples developed noticeable mealiness, forming an unstructured bolus with indistinct particles. In contrast, Golden Delicious apples preserved a more uniform texture. These findings highlight the importance of considering both mechanical and acoustics properties, as well as mastication behavior when evaluating apple quality and consumer experience, with implications for postharvest handling and product development.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/10942912.2025.2511873Braeburngolden deliciousunripe fruitripe fruitoverripe fruit
spellingShingle Ana Sredojevic
Dragan Radivojevic
Steva Levic
Milica Fotiric Aksic
Jasminka Milivojevic
Slavica Spasojevic
Ilija Djekic
Effect of the ripening stage on the mechanical, acoustics, and food oral processing properties of apples
International Journal of Food Properties
Braeburn
golden delicious
unripe fruit
ripe fruit
overripe fruit
title Effect of the ripening stage on the mechanical, acoustics, and food oral processing properties of apples
title_full Effect of the ripening stage on the mechanical, acoustics, and food oral processing properties of apples
title_fullStr Effect of the ripening stage on the mechanical, acoustics, and food oral processing properties of apples
title_full_unstemmed Effect of the ripening stage on the mechanical, acoustics, and food oral processing properties of apples
title_short Effect of the ripening stage on the mechanical, acoustics, and food oral processing properties of apples
title_sort effect of the ripening stage on the mechanical acoustics and food oral processing properties of apples
topic Braeburn
golden delicious
unripe fruit
ripe fruit
overripe fruit
url https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/10942912.2025.2511873
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