Area-time efficient pipelined number theoretic transform for CRYSTALS-Kyber.
CRYSTALS-Kyber has been standardized by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as a quantum-resistant algorithm in the post-quantum cryptography (PQC) competition. The bottleneck in performance of Kyber is the polynomial multiplication based on Number Theoretic transform (NTT). Th...
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2025-01-01
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| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323224 |
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| author | Ayesha Waris Arshad Aziz Bilal Muhammad Khan |
| author_facet | Ayesha Waris Arshad Aziz Bilal Muhammad Khan |
| author_sort | Ayesha Waris |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | CRYSTALS-Kyber has been standardized by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as a quantum-resistant algorithm in the post-quantum cryptography (PQC) competition. The bottleneck in performance of Kyber is the polynomial multiplication based on Number Theoretic transform (NTT). This work presents two parallel architectures adopting Multi-Path Delay Commutator (MDC) approach on target FPGA platform. Resource sharing technique is adopted to perform PWM operations using MDC NTT/INTT architecture. Moreover, we propose various optimizations at architectural level to minimize resource consumption such as FIFO-based memory units for buffering of input output coefficients, LUT-based modular multiplier and distributed-ROM memories for twiddle factor storage. The presented architectures are implemented on Xilinx Artix-7 XC7A100T-3 device using Vivado Design Suite 2022.2 and coded using Verilog HDL. Our BRAM and DSP-free designs achieve 68% improved area-time product with a comparable ATP for PWM operations. Additionally, the two-parallel MDC architecture outperforms state-of-the-art architectures, using 29% fewer resources. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2030a3999c4f4e279add56101e593ac4 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj-art-2030a3999c4f4e279add56101e593ac42025-08-20T02:33:43ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032025-01-01205e032322410.1371/journal.pone.0323224Area-time efficient pipelined number theoretic transform for CRYSTALS-Kyber.Ayesha WarisArshad AzizBilal Muhammad KhanCRYSTALS-Kyber has been standardized by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as a quantum-resistant algorithm in the post-quantum cryptography (PQC) competition. The bottleneck in performance of Kyber is the polynomial multiplication based on Number Theoretic transform (NTT). This work presents two parallel architectures adopting Multi-Path Delay Commutator (MDC) approach on target FPGA platform. Resource sharing technique is adopted to perform PWM operations using MDC NTT/INTT architecture. Moreover, we propose various optimizations at architectural level to minimize resource consumption such as FIFO-based memory units for buffering of input output coefficients, LUT-based modular multiplier and distributed-ROM memories for twiddle factor storage. The presented architectures are implemented on Xilinx Artix-7 XC7A100T-3 device using Vivado Design Suite 2022.2 and coded using Verilog HDL. Our BRAM and DSP-free designs achieve 68% improved area-time product with a comparable ATP for PWM operations. Additionally, the two-parallel MDC architecture outperforms state-of-the-art architectures, using 29% fewer resources.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323224 |
| spellingShingle | Ayesha Waris Arshad Aziz Bilal Muhammad Khan Area-time efficient pipelined number theoretic transform for CRYSTALS-Kyber. PLoS ONE |
| title | Area-time efficient pipelined number theoretic transform for CRYSTALS-Kyber. |
| title_full | Area-time efficient pipelined number theoretic transform for CRYSTALS-Kyber. |
| title_fullStr | Area-time efficient pipelined number theoretic transform for CRYSTALS-Kyber. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Area-time efficient pipelined number theoretic transform for CRYSTALS-Kyber. |
| title_short | Area-time efficient pipelined number theoretic transform for CRYSTALS-Kyber. |
| title_sort | area time efficient pipelined number theoretic transform for crystals kyber |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323224 |
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