Performance of PPP and PPP-RTK with new-generation GNSS constellations and signals
Abstract The expansion of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Regional Navigation Satellite Systems (RNSS), along with broadcasting of additional signals, offers more options for Precise Point Positioning (PPP). Utilizing a number of constellations and frequencies provides more precise an...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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SpringerOpen
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Satellite Navigation |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s43020-025-00169-6 |
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| author | Xiaohong Zhang Yuhang Yang Haochen Yang Xiaodong Ren Xiaojing Lin Xuan Le Xin Li |
| author_facet | Xiaohong Zhang Yuhang Yang Haochen Yang Xiaodong Ren Xiaojing Lin Xuan Le Xin Li |
| author_sort | Xiaohong Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The expansion of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Regional Navigation Satellite Systems (RNSS), along with broadcasting of additional signals, offers more options for Precise Point Positioning (PPP). Utilizing a number of constellations and frequencies provides more precise and reliable Observable-Specific Bias (OSBs) and atmospheric products, thereby enhancing the performance of PPP with Ambiguity Resolution (PPP-AR) and PPP-RTK systems. Additionally, the emergence and refinement of satellite-based augmentation services targeting PPP, such as BDS-3 Precise Point Positioning (PPP-B2b) and High Accuracy Service (HAS), have further expanded the applications of multi-GNSS and multi-frequency PPP. In this contribution, we comprehensively overview the developmental history of major systems and the construction of global satellite-based augmentation systems. The model of multi-GNSS and multi-frequency PPP-RTK is then established, encompassing both the server and user sides. Benefiting from the modernization of GPS, refinement of Galileo, and stable operation of BDS, the convergence time of PPP float solutions is less than 9 min, while the convergence time of fixed solutions is under 5 min. The PPP-RTK system can achieve instantaneous convergence with high-confidence atmospheric products, maintaining positioning accuracy within 2.5 cm. Furthermore, vehicular experiments demonstrate that the PPP-RTK technology can maintain a positioning accuracy of around 10 cm even in rapidly changing observational conditions. For augmentation services such as PPP-B2b and HAS, after correcting for orbit, clock, and code biases, the convergence time can be reduced to under 15 min, with positioning accuracy of approximately 16 cm. Finally, we present our outlook for the future of BDS. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1fd9f7c9439e4b2eaf3e3078ff20e53d |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2662-9291 2662-1363 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Satellite Navigation |
| spelling | doaj-art-1fd9f7c9439e4b2eaf3e3078ff20e53d2025-08-20T03:04:15ZengSpringerOpenSatellite Navigation2662-92912662-13632025-07-016112310.1186/s43020-025-00169-6Performance of PPP and PPP-RTK with new-generation GNSS constellations and signalsXiaohong Zhang0Yuhang Yang1Haochen Yang2Xiaodong Ren3Xiaojing Lin4Xuan Le5Xin Li6School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan UniversitySchool of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan UniversitySchool of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan UniversitySchool of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan UniversityHubei Institute of Surveying and MappingSchool of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan UniversitySchool of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan UniversityAbstract The expansion of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Regional Navigation Satellite Systems (RNSS), along with broadcasting of additional signals, offers more options for Precise Point Positioning (PPP). Utilizing a number of constellations and frequencies provides more precise and reliable Observable-Specific Bias (OSBs) and atmospheric products, thereby enhancing the performance of PPP with Ambiguity Resolution (PPP-AR) and PPP-RTK systems. Additionally, the emergence and refinement of satellite-based augmentation services targeting PPP, such as BDS-3 Precise Point Positioning (PPP-B2b) and High Accuracy Service (HAS), have further expanded the applications of multi-GNSS and multi-frequency PPP. In this contribution, we comprehensively overview the developmental history of major systems and the construction of global satellite-based augmentation systems. The model of multi-GNSS and multi-frequency PPP-RTK is then established, encompassing both the server and user sides. Benefiting from the modernization of GPS, refinement of Galileo, and stable operation of BDS, the convergence time of PPP float solutions is less than 9 min, while the convergence time of fixed solutions is under 5 min. The PPP-RTK system can achieve instantaneous convergence with high-confidence atmospheric products, maintaining positioning accuracy within 2.5 cm. Furthermore, vehicular experiments demonstrate that the PPP-RTK technology can maintain a positioning accuracy of around 10 cm even in rapidly changing observational conditions. For augmentation services such as PPP-B2b and HAS, after correcting for orbit, clock, and code biases, the convergence time can be reduced to under 15 min, with positioning accuracy of approximately 16 cm. Finally, we present our outlook for the future of BDS.https://doi.org/10.1186/s43020-025-00169-6GNSSPPP-ARPPP-RTKOSBsIonospheric modelingPPP-B2b |
| spellingShingle | Xiaohong Zhang Yuhang Yang Haochen Yang Xiaodong Ren Xiaojing Lin Xuan Le Xin Li Performance of PPP and PPP-RTK with new-generation GNSS constellations and signals Satellite Navigation GNSS PPP-AR PPP-RTK OSBs Ionospheric modeling PPP-B2b |
| title | Performance of PPP and PPP-RTK with new-generation GNSS constellations and signals |
| title_full | Performance of PPP and PPP-RTK with new-generation GNSS constellations and signals |
| title_fullStr | Performance of PPP and PPP-RTK with new-generation GNSS constellations and signals |
| title_full_unstemmed | Performance of PPP and PPP-RTK with new-generation GNSS constellations and signals |
| title_short | Performance of PPP and PPP-RTK with new-generation GNSS constellations and signals |
| title_sort | performance of ppp and ppp rtk with new generation gnss constellations and signals |
| topic | GNSS PPP-AR PPP-RTK OSBs Ionospheric modeling PPP-B2b |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s43020-025-00169-6 |
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