Directed energy deposition of chromium-molybdenum-vanadium cold work tool steel Vanadis 4 Extra©
Additive Manufacturing is a promising technology for the fabrication or repair of tools. However, the material portfolio is limited to materials with a decent weldability. The chromium-molybdenum-vanadium Uddeholm Vanadis® 4 Extra for Additive Manufacturing (V4E-AM) cold work tool steel is crack-fre...
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Elsevier
2025-09-01
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| Series: | Journal of Materials Research and Technology |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785425019891 |
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| author | Dominic Bartels Dimitrios Nikas Raphaela März Maximilian Marschall Julian Schrauder Marion Merklein Aydin Şelte Pavel Krakhmalev |
| author_facet | Dominic Bartels Dimitrios Nikas Raphaela März Maximilian Marschall Julian Schrauder Marion Merklein Aydin Şelte Pavel Krakhmalev |
| author_sort | Dominic Bartels |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Additive Manufacturing is a promising technology for the fabrication or repair of tools. However, the material portfolio is limited to materials with a decent weldability. The chromium-molybdenum-vanadium Uddeholm Vanadis® 4 Extra for Additive Manufacturing (V4E-AM) cold work tool steel is crack-free manufactured using the direct energy deposition (DED) method in this work. Process parameters are varied in a wide range to determine the influence of different build rates and cooling conditions on defect formation and resulting microstructure. Optical light microscopy proves a high relative part density above 99.5 % for different parameter combinations. Electron microscopy reveals a dendritic microstructure with a developed network of V- and Mo-rich carbides. Interdendritic cracks or cracks between colonies are not observable in the DED specimens. Nevertheless, an increase in built height results in crack formation between the substrate and the built, which imply more work on the substrate-deposit interaction and optimization of the substrate material. An increase in feed rate from 400 to 800 mm/min results in the formation of pores with diameter of 100 μm and larger. At the same time, the microstructure looks finer in the material manufactured with higher feed rate, presumably due to higher cooling rates. The hardness of the DED-specimens is around 800 to 850 HV1 while the onset for yielding exceeds 2250 MPa. The results show promising processability of the chromium-molybdenum-vanadium Uddeholm Vanadis® 4 Extra for Additive Manufacturing by DED for reparation of additive manufacturing of entire components. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1f99242cb66246cbbefa7121c7d7bf64 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2238-7854 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Materials Research and Technology |
| spelling | doaj-art-1f99242cb66246cbbefa7121c7d7bf642025-08-20T03:40:21ZengElsevierJournal of Materials Research and Technology2238-78542025-09-01381573158010.1016/j.jmrt.2025.08.036Directed energy deposition of chromium-molybdenum-vanadium cold work tool steel Vanadis 4 Extra©Dominic Bartels0Dimitrios Nikas1Raphaela März2Maximilian Marschall3Julian Schrauder4Marion Merklein5Aydin Şelte6Pavel Krakhmalev7Lehrstuhl für Photonische Technologien, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Konrad-Zuse-Straße 3/5, 91052, Erlangen, Germany; Bayerisches Laserzentrum GmbH, Konrad-Zuse-Straße 2-6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany; Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Paul-Gordan-Straße 6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany; Corresponding author. Bayerisches Laserzentrum GmbH, Konrad-Zuse-Straße 2-6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, SE-651 88, Karlstad, SwedenInstitute of Manufacturing Technology (LFT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 13, 91058, Erlangen, GermanyBayerisches Laserzentrum GmbH, Konrad-Zuse-Straße 2-6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany; Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Paul-Gordan-Straße 6, 91052, Erlangen, GermanyLehrstuhl für Photonische Technologien, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Konrad-Zuse-Straße 3/5, 91052, Erlangen, Germany; Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Paul-Gordan-Straße 6, 91052, Erlangen, GermanyInstitute of Manufacturing Technology (LFT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 13, 91058, Erlangen, GermanyUddeholms AB, Hagfors, SwedenDepartment of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, SE-651 88, Karlstad, SwedenAdditive Manufacturing is a promising technology for the fabrication or repair of tools. However, the material portfolio is limited to materials with a decent weldability. The chromium-molybdenum-vanadium Uddeholm Vanadis® 4 Extra for Additive Manufacturing (V4E-AM) cold work tool steel is crack-free manufactured using the direct energy deposition (DED) method in this work. Process parameters are varied in a wide range to determine the influence of different build rates and cooling conditions on defect formation and resulting microstructure. Optical light microscopy proves a high relative part density above 99.5 % for different parameter combinations. Electron microscopy reveals a dendritic microstructure with a developed network of V- and Mo-rich carbides. Interdendritic cracks or cracks between colonies are not observable in the DED specimens. Nevertheless, an increase in built height results in crack formation between the substrate and the built, which imply more work on the substrate-deposit interaction and optimization of the substrate material. An increase in feed rate from 400 to 800 mm/min results in the formation of pores with diameter of 100 μm and larger. At the same time, the microstructure looks finer in the material manufactured with higher feed rate, presumably due to higher cooling rates. The hardness of the DED-specimens is around 800 to 850 HV1 while the onset for yielding exceeds 2250 MPa. The results show promising processability of the chromium-molybdenum-vanadium Uddeholm Vanadis® 4 Extra for Additive Manufacturing by DED for reparation of additive manufacturing of entire components.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785425019891DED-LB/MLaser metal depositionHigh-carbon tool steelVanadis 4 ExtraMicrostructure analysis |
| spellingShingle | Dominic Bartels Dimitrios Nikas Raphaela März Maximilian Marschall Julian Schrauder Marion Merklein Aydin Şelte Pavel Krakhmalev Directed energy deposition of chromium-molybdenum-vanadium cold work tool steel Vanadis 4 Extra© Journal of Materials Research and Technology DED-LB/M Laser metal deposition High-carbon tool steel Vanadis 4 Extra Microstructure analysis |
| title | Directed energy deposition of chromium-molybdenum-vanadium cold work tool steel Vanadis 4 Extra© |
| title_full | Directed energy deposition of chromium-molybdenum-vanadium cold work tool steel Vanadis 4 Extra© |
| title_fullStr | Directed energy deposition of chromium-molybdenum-vanadium cold work tool steel Vanadis 4 Extra© |
| title_full_unstemmed | Directed energy deposition of chromium-molybdenum-vanadium cold work tool steel Vanadis 4 Extra© |
| title_short | Directed energy deposition of chromium-molybdenum-vanadium cold work tool steel Vanadis 4 Extra© |
| title_sort | directed energy deposition of chromium molybdenum vanadium cold work tool steel vanadis 4 extra c |
| topic | DED-LB/M Laser metal deposition High-carbon tool steel Vanadis 4 Extra Microstructure analysis |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785425019891 |
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