Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide-Mn²⁺-PLGA as an adjuvant in H9N2 vaccine: Immunomodulatory effects in chickens
H9N2 is an increasing threat to global poultry production and human health. Vaccination of poultry is a key element of disease control in endemic countries, but the inactivated H9N2 vaccine needs to be used with adjuvants to compensate for its weak immunogenicity. Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide...
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Elsevier
2025-10-01
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| Series: | Poultry Science |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579125008405 |
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| author | Yixuan Zhu Pengfei Gu Yongzhan Bao Bowen Song Jinglu Zhang Xiao Wang Wanyu Shi |
| author_facet | Yixuan Zhu Pengfei Gu Yongzhan Bao Bowen Song Jinglu Zhang Xiao Wang Wanyu Shi |
| author_sort | Yixuan Zhu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | H9N2 is an increasing threat to global poultry production and human health. Vaccination of poultry is a key element of disease control in endemic countries, but the inactivated H9N2 vaccine needs to be used with adjuvants to compensate for its weak immunogenicity. Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide (SMP) and Mn2+ have received extensive attention because of their ability to enhance adaptive immunity and stimulate IFN-β secretion, respectively. Our previous studies had indicated that Mn2+/SMP encapsulated by PLGA (MS-PLGA) can be used as an effective adjuvant for the model antigen (ovalbumin), triggering a potent and durable immune response in mice. Here, we due to confirm the effect of MS-PLGA in chickens. we successfully prepared MS-PLGA-H9N2 and after immunization, it generated stronger specific IgG antibody and higher HI titers, and it also can activate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood and spleen. Moreover, both concentrations of the serum cytokine IFN-γ (Th1), IL-6 (Th2) and IFN-β are increased, demonstrating Th1/Th2 without bias. To elucidate the regulatory mechanism of MS-PLGA-H9N2, multi-omics analysis and immunofluorescence of the spleen were explored. The GO and KEGG pathways revealed that immune response and defense response were promoted and lymphocytes of spleen were activated. Overall, MS-PLGA-H9N2 has the potential to be clinically induce to induce potent immune responses in chickens. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1f98163c2fe34f20b9ff63da7a0239c6 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0032-5791 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-10-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Poultry Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-1f98163c2fe34f20b9ff63da7a0239c62025-08-20T03:42:22ZengElsevierPoultry Science0032-57912025-10-011041010559910.1016/j.psj.2025.105599Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide-Mn²⁺-PLGA as an adjuvant in H9N2 vaccine: Immunomodulatory effects in chickensYixuan Zhu0Pengfei Gu1Yongzhan Bao2Bowen Song3Jinglu Zhang4Xiao Wang5Wanyu Shi6College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding 071000, ChinaCollege of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding 071000, ChinaCollege of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding 071000, ChinaCollege of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding 071000, ChinaCollege of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding 071000, ChinaCollege of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding 071000, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Baoding, 071001, China; Corresponding author at: Hebei Agricultural University, No. 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China.College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding 071000, China; Corresponding author at: Hebei Agricultural University, No. 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China.H9N2 is an increasing threat to global poultry production and human health. Vaccination of poultry is a key element of disease control in endemic countries, but the inactivated H9N2 vaccine needs to be used with adjuvants to compensate for its weak immunogenicity. Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide (SMP) and Mn2+ have received extensive attention because of their ability to enhance adaptive immunity and stimulate IFN-β secretion, respectively. Our previous studies had indicated that Mn2+/SMP encapsulated by PLGA (MS-PLGA) can be used as an effective adjuvant for the model antigen (ovalbumin), triggering a potent and durable immune response in mice. Here, we due to confirm the effect of MS-PLGA in chickens. we successfully prepared MS-PLGA-H9N2 and after immunization, it generated stronger specific IgG antibody and higher HI titers, and it also can activate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood and spleen. Moreover, both concentrations of the serum cytokine IFN-γ (Th1), IL-6 (Th2) and IFN-β are increased, demonstrating Th1/Th2 without bias. To elucidate the regulatory mechanism of MS-PLGA-H9N2, multi-omics analysis and immunofluorescence of the spleen were explored. The GO and KEGG pathways revealed that immune response and defense response were promoted and lymphocytes of spleen were activated. Overall, MS-PLGA-H9N2 has the potential to be clinically induce to induce potent immune responses in chickens.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579125008405H9N2Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharideMn2+PLGAAdjuvant |
| spellingShingle | Yixuan Zhu Pengfei Gu Yongzhan Bao Bowen Song Jinglu Zhang Xiao Wang Wanyu Shi Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide-Mn²⁺-PLGA as an adjuvant in H9N2 vaccine: Immunomodulatory effects in chickens Poultry Science H9N2 Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide Mn2+ PLGA Adjuvant |
| title | Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide-Mn²⁺-PLGA as an adjuvant in H9N2 vaccine: Immunomodulatory effects in chickens |
| title_full | Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide-Mn²⁺-PLGA as an adjuvant in H9N2 vaccine: Immunomodulatory effects in chickens |
| title_fullStr | Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide-Mn²⁺-PLGA as an adjuvant in H9N2 vaccine: Immunomodulatory effects in chickens |
| title_full_unstemmed | Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide-Mn²⁺-PLGA as an adjuvant in H9N2 vaccine: Immunomodulatory effects in chickens |
| title_short | Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide-Mn²⁺-PLGA as an adjuvant in H9N2 vaccine: Immunomodulatory effects in chickens |
| title_sort | salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide mn²⁺ plga as an adjuvant in h9n2 vaccine immunomodulatory effects in chickens |
| topic | H9N2 Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide Mn2+ PLGA Adjuvant |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579125008405 |
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