Annual Variation of PM2.5 Chemical Composition in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Including the COVID-19 Outbreak Period
Abstract PM2.5 was continuously collected in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam, during the period from September 2019 to August 2020, which included the period of socioeconomic suppression caused by restrictions imposed in the face of the coronavirus disease of 2019. The concentrations of PM2.5 mass,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Springer
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Aerosol and Air Quality Research |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220312 |
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| author | Ngoc Tran Yusuke Fujii Vinh Xuan Le Nguyen Doan Thien Chi Hiroshi Okochi To Thi Hien Norimichi Takenaka |
| author_facet | Ngoc Tran Yusuke Fujii Vinh Xuan Le Nguyen Doan Thien Chi Hiroshi Okochi To Thi Hien Norimichi Takenaka |
| author_sort | Ngoc Tran |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract PM2.5 was continuously collected in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam, during the period from September 2019 to August 2020, which included the period of socioeconomic suppression caused by restrictions imposed in the face of the coronavirus disease of 2019. The concentrations of PM2.5 mass, water-soluble ions (WSIs), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) were determined to evaluate the seasonal variations in PM2.5, the effect of socioeconomic suppression on PM2.5, and potential PM2.5 sources in HCMC. The PM2.5 mass concentration during the sampling period was 28.44 ± 11.55 µg m−3 (average ± standard deviation). OC, EC, and total WSIs accounted for 30.7 ± 6.6%, 9.7 ± 2.9%, and 24.9 ± 6.6% of the PM2.5 mass, respectively. WSOC contributed 46.4 ± 10.1% to OC mass. NO3−, SO42−, and NH4+ were the dominant species in WSIs (72.7 ± 17.7% of the total WSIs’ mass). The concentrations of PM2.5 mass and total WSIs during the rainy season were lower than those during the dry season, whereas the concentrations of carbonaceous species during the rainy season were higher. The concentrations of PM2.5 mass and chemical species during the socioeconomic suppression period significantly decreased by 45%–61% compared to the values before this period. The OC/EC ratio (3.28 ± 0.61) and char-EC/soot-EC (4.88 ± 2.72) suggested that biomass burning, coal combustion, vehicle emissions, cooking activities are major PM2.5 sources in HCMC. Furthermore, the results of a concentration-weighted trajectory analysis suggested that the geological sources of PM2.5 were in the local areas of HCMC and the northeast provinces of Vietnam (where coal-fired power plants are located). |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1f61902dae7c461299d3c1662d71ebc1 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1680-8584 2071-1409 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | Springer |
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| series | Aerosol and Air Quality Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-1f61902dae7c461299d3c1662d71ebc12025-02-09T12:22:45ZengSpringerAerosol and Air Quality Research1680-85842071-14092023-03-0123511810.4209/aaqr.220312Annual Variation of PM2.5 Chemical Composition in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Including the COVID-19 Outbreak PeriodNgoc Tran0Yusuke Fujii1Vinh Xuan Le2Nguyen Doan Thien Chi3Hiroshi Okochi4To Thi Hien5Norimichi Takenaka6Department of Sustainable System Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Prefecture UniversityDepartment of Sustainable System Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Prefecture UniversityFaculty of Environment, University of ScienceFaculty of Environment, University of ScienceSchool of Creative Science and Engineering, Waseda UniversityFaculty of Environment, University of ScienceDepartment of Sustainable System Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Prefecture UniversityAbstract PM2.5 was continuously collected in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam, during the period from September 2019 to August 2020, which included the period of socioeconomic suppression caused by restrictions imposed in the face of the coronavirus disease of 2019. The concentrations of PM2.5 mass, water-soluble ions (WSIs), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) were determined to evaluate the seasonal variations in PM2.5, the effect of socioeconomic suppression on PM2.5, and potential PM2.5 sources in HCMC. The PM2.5 mass concentration during the sampling period was 28.44 ± 11.55 µg m−3 (average ± standard deviation). OC, EC, and total WSIs accounted for 30.7 ± 6.6%, 9.7 ± 2.9%, and 24.9 ± 6.6% of the PM2.5 mass, respectively. WSOC contributed 46.4 ± 10.1% to OC mass. NO3−, SO42−, and NH4+ were the dominant species in WSIs (72.7 ± 17.7% of the total WSIs’ mass). The concentrations of PM2.5 mass and total WSIs during the rainy season were lower than those during the dry season, whereas the concentrations of carbonaceous species during the rainy season were higher. The concentrations of PM2.5 mass and chemical species during the socioeconomic suppression period significantly decreased by 45%–61% compared to the values before this period. The OC/EC ratio (3.28 ± 0.61) and char-EC/soot-EC (4.88 ± 2.72) suggested that biomass burning, coal combustion, vehicle emissions, cooking activities are major PM2.5 sources in HCMC. Furthermore, the results of a concentration-weighted trajectory analysis suggested that the geological sources of PM2.5 were in the local areas of HCMC and the northeast provinces of Vietnam (where coal-fired power plants are located).https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220312PM2.5Ho Chi Minh CityCOVID-19VietnamCWT |
| spellingShingle | Ngoc Tran Yusuke Fujii Vinh Xuan Le Nguyen Doan Thien Chi Hiroshi Okochi To Thi Hien Norimichi Takenaka Annual Variation of PM2.5 Chemical Composition in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Including the COVID-19 Outbreak Period Aerosol and Air Quality Research PM2.5 Ho Chi Minh City COVID-19 Vietnam CWT |
| title | Annual Variation of PM2.5 Chemical Composition in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Including the COVID-19 Outbreak Period |
| title_full | Annual Variation of PM2.5 Chemical Composition in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Including the COVID-19 Outbreak Period |
| title_fullStr | Annual Variation of PM2.5 Chemical Composition in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Including the COVID-19 Outbreak Period |
| title_full_unstemmed | Annual Variation of PM2.5 Chemical Composition in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Including the COVID-19 Outbreak Period |
| title_short | Annual Variation of PM2.5 Chemical Composition in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Including the COVID-19 Outbreak Period |
| title_sort | annual variation of pm2 5 chemical composition in ho chi minh city vietnam including the covid 19 outbreak period |
| topic | PM2.5 Ho Chi Minh City COVID-19 Vietnam CWT |
| url | https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220312 |
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