Efficient Scalar Multiplication of ECC Using Lookup Table and Fast Repeating Point Doubling

Reducing the computation time of scalar multiplication for elliptic curve cryptography is a significant challenge. This study proposes an efficient scalar multiplication method for elliptic curves over finite fields <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"...

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Main Authors: Fu-Jung Kan, Yan-Haw Chen, Jeng-Jung Wang, Chong-Dao Lee
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-03-01
Series:Mathematics
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/6/924
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author Fu-Jung Kan
Yan-Haw Chen
Jeng-Jung Wang
Chong-Dao Lee
author_facet Fu-Jung Kan
Yan-Haw Chen
Jeng-Jung Wang
Chong-Dao Lee
author_sort Fu-Jung Kan
collection DOAJ
description Reducing the computation time of scalar multiplication for elliptic curve cryptography is a significant challenge. This study proposes an efficient scalar multiplication method for elliptic curves over finite fields <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>F</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msup><mn>2</mn><mi>m</mi></msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. The proposed method first converts the scalar into a binary number. Then, using Horner’s rule, the binary number is divided into fixed-length bit-words. Each bit-word undergoes repeating point doubling, which can be precomputed. However, repeating point doubling typically involves numerous inverse operations. To address this, significant effort has been made to develop formulas that minimize the number of inverse operations. With the proposed formula, regardless of how many times the operation is repeated, only a single inverse operation is required. Over <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>F</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msup><mn>2</mn><mi>m</mi></msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, the proposed method for scalar multiplication outperforms the sliding window method, which is currently regarded as the fastest available. However, the introduced formulas require more multiplications, squares, and additions. To reduce these operations, we further optimize the square operations; however, this introduces a trade-off between computation time and memory size. These challenges are key areas for future improvement.
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spelling doaj-art-1f413526b0aa4a87b2bf102ba6dcae2a2025-08-20T03:43:20ZengMDPI AGMathematics2227-73902025-03-0113692410.3390/math13060924Efficient Scalar Multiplication of ECC Using Lookup Table and Fast Repeating Point DoublingFu-Jung Kan0Yan-Haw Chen1Jeng-Jung Wang2Chong-Dao Lee3Department of Electronic Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, TaiwanDepartment of Information Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, TaiwanDepartment of Information Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, TaiwanDepartment of Information Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, TaiwanReducing the computation time of scalar multiplication for elliptic curve cryptography is a significant challenge. This study proposes an efficient scalar multiplication method for elliptic curves over finite fields <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>F</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msup><mn>2</mn><mi>m</mi></msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. The proposed method first converts the scalar into a binary number. Then, using Horner’s rule, the binary number is divided into fixed-length bit-words. Each bit-word undergoes repeating point doubling, which can be precomputed. However, repeating point doubling typically involves numerous inverse operations. To address this, significant effort has been made to develop formulas that minimize the number of inverse operations. With the proposed formula, regardless of how many times the operation is repeated, only a single inverse operation is required. Over <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>F</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msup><mn>2</mn><mi>m</mi></msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, the proposed method for scalar multiplication outperforms the sliding window method, which is currently regarded as the fastest available. However, the introduced formulas require more multiplications, squares, and additions. To reduce these operations, we further optimize the square operations; however, this introduces a trade-off between computation time and memory size. These challenges are key areas for future improvement.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/6/924elliptic curvescalar multiplicationinverse operationfinite field
spellingShingle Fu-Jung Kan
Yan-Haw Chen
Jeng-Jung Wang
Chong-Dao Lee
Efficient Scalar Multiplication of ECC Using Lookup Table and Fast Repeating Point Doubling
Mathematics
elliptic curve
scalar multiplication
inverse operation
finite field
title Efficient Scalar Multiplication of ECC Using Lookup Table and Fast Repeating Point Doubling
title_full Efficient Scalar Multiplication of ECC Using Lookup Table and Fast Repeating Point Doubling
title_fullStr Efficient Scalar Multiplication of ECC Using Lookup Table and Fast Repeating Point Doubling
title_full_unstemmed Efficient Scalar Multiplication of ECC Using Lookup Table and Fast Repeating Point Doubling
title_short Efficient Scalar Multiplication of ECC Using Lookup Table and Fast Repeating Point Doubling
title_sort efficient scalar multiplication of ecc using lookup table and fast repeating point doubling
topic elliptic curve
scalar multiplication
inverse operation
finite field
url https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/6/924
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AT yanhawchen efficientscalarmultiplicationofeccusinglookuptableandfastrepeatingpointdoubling
AT jengjungwang efficientscalarmultiplicationofeccusinglookuptableandfastrepeatingpointdoubling
AT chongdaolee efficientscalarmultiplicationofeccusinglookuptableandfastrepeatingpointdoubling