Deep Learning Approaches for Continuous Sign Language Recognition: A Comprehensive Review

Sign language uses hand gestures as a visual mode of communication, along with body actions and facial expressions. Due to the increasing incidence of hearing deficiencies, the field of Continuous Sign Language Recognition (CSLR) has seen a considerable increase in research, which involves identifyi...

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Main Authors: Asma Khan, Seyong Jin, Geon-Hee Lee, Gul E. Arzu, L. Minh Dang, Tan N. Nguyen, Woong Choi, Hyeonjoon Moon
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IEEE 2025-01-01
Series:IEEE Access
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Online Access:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10937713/
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author Asma Khan
Seyong Jin
Geon-Hee Lee
Gul E. Arzu
L. Minh Dang
Tan N. Nguyen
Woong Choi
Hyeonjoon Moon
author_facet Asma Khan
Seyong Jin
Geon-Hee Lee
Gul E. Arzu
L. Minh Dang
Tan N. Nguyen
Woong Choi
Hyeonjoon Moon
author_sort Asma Khan
collection DOAJ
description Sign language uses hand gestures as a visual mode of communication, along with body actions and facial expressions. Due to the increasing incidence of hearing deficiencies, the field of Continuous Sign Language Recognition (CSLR) has seen a considerable increase in research, which involves identifying consecutive signs in video streams without previous information of their sequential limitations. However, existing research often lacks a unified framework for integrating spatial, temporal, and alignment approaches, while critical challenges such as real-time processing, diverse datasets, and signer variability remain unresolved. This survey uniquely contributes by presenting a novel framework that integrates these dimensions into a unified taxonomy for CSLR systems. It critically analyzes numerous studies, organizing them into a comprehensive taxonomy covering aspects such as sign language, data collection, input method, gesture signals, identification methods, applied data collections, and comprehensive efficiency. The article further categorizes deep-learning CSLR models according to spatial, temporal, and alignment approaches, highlighting their benefits and drawbacks. Furthermore, it explores various research aspects, such as the challenges of CSLR, the significance of nonverbal elements in CSLR systems, and the gaps in the body of current research. By emphasizing the role of real-time processing and diverse datasets, this survey provides actionable insights for advancing CSLR systems in practical applications. This classification serves as a helpful tool for researchers developing and organizing cutting-edge CSLR methods. The study highlights the effectiveness of deep learning systems in capturing different sign language signals. On the other hand, several challenges remain, such as the need for diverse, naturalistic datasets, improved signer diversity, and real-time CSLR systems. Addressing these gaps will be essential for advancing CSLR’s real-world applications and developing more robust, efficient models for the future. The conclusions give a wider Comprehension of sign language recognition and set the groundwork for future studies focused on addressing the current challenges and issues in this developing area.
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spelling doaj-art-1f3d747a31bc4e96ab43f999c75bf48c2025-08-20T03:07:05ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362025-01-0113555245554410.1109/ACCESS.2025.355404610937713Deep Learning Approaches for Continuous Sign Language Recognition: A Comprehensive ReviewAsma Khan0https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5604-9813Seyong Jin1https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4537-8581Geon-Hee Lee2Gul E. Arzu3L. Minh Dang4Tan N. Nguyen5Woong Choi6https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6635-8951Hyeonjoon Moon7https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7668-3838Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Artificial Intelligence, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Artificial Intelligence, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaInstitute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, VietnamDepartment of Architectural Engineering, Sejong University, Gwangjin, Seoul, Republic of KoreaDivision of ICT Convergence Engineering, Kangnam University, Yongin, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaSign language uses hand gestures as a visual mode of communication, along with body actions and facial expressions. Due to the increasing incidence of hearing deficiencies, the field of Continuous Sign Language Recognition (CSLR) has seen a considerable increase in research, which involves identifying consecutive signs in video streams without previous information of their sequential limitations. However, existing research often lacks a unified framework for integrating spatial, temporal, and alignment approaches, while critical challenges such as real-time processing, diverse datasets, and signer variability remain unresolved. This survey uniquely contributes by presenting a novel framework that integrates these dimensions into a unified taxonomy for CSLR systems. It critically analyzes numerous studies, organizing them into a comprehensive taxonomy covering aspects such as sign language, data collection, input method, gesture signals, identification methods, applied data collections, and comprehensive efficiency. The article further categorizes deep-learning CSLR models according to spatial, temporal, and alignment approaches, highlighting their benefits and drawbacks. Furthermore, it explores various research aspects, such as the challenges of CSLR, the significance of nonverbal elements in CSLR systems, and the gaps in the body of current research. By emphasizing the role of real-time processing and diverse datasets, this survey provides actionable insights for advancing CSLR systems in practical applications. This classification serves as a helpful tool for researchers developing and organizing cutting-edge CSLR methods. The study highlights the effectiveness of deep learning systems in capturing different sign language signals. On the other hand, several challenges remain, such as the need for diverse, naturalistic datasets, improved signer diversity, and real-time CSLR systems. Addressing these gaps will be essential for advancing CSLR’s real-world applications and developing more robust, efficient models for the future. The conclusions give a wider Comprehension of sign language recognition and set the groundwork for future studies focused on addressing the current challenges and issues in this developing area.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10937713/Continuous sign language recognitiondeep learninghand gesture recognition (HGR)computer vision
spellingShingle Asma Khan
Seyong Jin
Geon-Hee Lee
Gul E. Arzu
L. Minh Dang
Tan N. Nguyen
Woong Choi
Hyeonjoon Moon
Deep Learning Approaches for Continuous Sign Language Recognition: A Comprehensive Review
IEEE Access
Continuous sign language recognition
deep learning
hand gesture recognition (HGR)
computer vision
title Deep Learning Approaches for Continuous Sign Language Recognition: A Comprehensive Review
title_full Deep Learning Approaches for Continuous Sign Language Recognition: A Comprehensive Review
title_fullStr Deep Learning Approaches for Continuous Sign Language Recognition: A Comprehensive Review
title_full_unstemmed Deep Learning Approaches for Continuous Sign Language Recognition: A Comprehensive Review
title_short Deep Learning Approaches for Continuous Sign Language Recognition: A Comprehensive Review
title_sort deep learning approaches for continuous sign language recognition a comprehensive review
topic Continuous sign language recognition
deep learning
hand gesture recognition (HGR)
computer vision
url https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10937713/
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AT gulearzu deeplearningapproachesforcontinuoussignlanguagerecognitionacomprehensivereview
AT lminhdang deeplearningapproachesforcontinuoussignlanguagerecognitionacomprehensivereview
AT tannnguyen deeplearningapproachesforcontinuoussignlanguagerecognitionacomprehensivereview
AT woongchoi deeplearningapproachesforcontinuoussignlanguagerecognitionacomprehensivereview
AT hyeonjoonmoon deeplearningapproachesforcontinuoussignlanguagerecognitionacomprehensivereview