Associations of educational attainment, occupation, social class and major depressive disorder among Han Chinese women.
<h4>Background</h4>The prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is higher in those with low levels of educational attainment, the unemployed and those with low social status. However the extent to which these factors cause MDD is unclear. Most of the available data comes from studie...
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2014-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086674 |
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| author | Jianguo Shi Yan Zhang Feihu Liu Yajuan Li Junhui Wang Jonathan Flint Jingfang Gao Youhui Li Ming Tao Kerang Zhang Xumei Wang Chengge Gao Lijun Yang Kan Li Shenxun Shi Gang Wang Lanfen Liu Jinbei Zhang Bo Du Guoqing Jiang Jianhua Shen Zhen Zhang Wei Liang Jing Sun Jian Hu Tiebang Liu Xueyi Wang Guodong Miao Huaqing Meng Yi Li Chunmei Hu Yi Li Guoping Huang Gongying Li Baowei Ha Hong Deng Qiyi Mei Hui Zhong Shugui Gao Hong Sang Yutang Zhang Xiang Fang Fengyu Yu Donglin Yang Tieqiao Liu Yunchun Chen Xiaohong Hong Wenyuan Wu Guibing Chen Min Cai Yan Song Jiyang Pan Jicheng Dong Runde Pan Wei Zhang Zhenming Shen Zhengrong Liu Danhua Gu Xiaoping Wang Xiaojuan Liu Qiwen Zhang Yihan Li Yiping Chen Kenneth S Kendler |
| author_facet | Jianguo Shi Yan Zhang Feihu Liu Yajuan Li Junhui Wang Jonathan Flint Jingfang Gao Youhui Li Ming Tao Kerang Zhang Xumei Wang Chengge Gao Lijun Yang Kan Li Shenxun Shi Gang Wang Lanfen Liu Jinbei Zhang Bo Du Guoqing Jiang Jianhua Shen Zhen Zhang Wei Liang Jing Sun Jian Hu Tiebang Liu Xueyi Wang Guodong Miao Huaqing Meng Yi Li Chunmei Hu Yi Li Guoping Huang Gongying Li Baowei Ha Hong Deng Qiyi Mei Hui Zhong Shugui Gao Hong Sang Yutang Zhang Xiang Fang Fengyu Yu Donglin Yang Tieqiao Liu Yunchun Chen Xiaohong Hong Wenyuan Wu Guibing Chen Min Cai Yan Song Jiyang Pan Jicheng Dong Runde Pan Wei Zhang Zhenming Shen Zhengrong Liu Danhua Gu Xiaoping Wang Xiaojuan Liu Qiwen Zhang Yihan Li Yiping Chen Kenneth S Kendler |
| author_sort | Jianguo Shi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <h4>Background</h4>The prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is higher in those with low levels of educational attainment, the unemployed and those with low social status. However the extent to which these factors cause MDD is unclear. Most of the available data comes from studies in developed countries, and these findings may not extrapolate to developing countries. Examining the relationship between MDD and socio economic status in China is likely to add to the debate because of the radical economic and social changes occurring in China over the last 30 years.<h4>Principal findings</h4>We report results from 3,639 Chinese women with recurrent MDD and 3,800 controls. Highly significant odds ratios (ORs) were observed between MDD and full time employment (OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.25-0.46, logP = 78), social status (OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.77-0.87, logP = 13.3) and education attainment (OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.86-0.90, logP = 6.8). We found a monotonic relationship between increasing age and increasing levels of educational attainment. Those with only primary school education have significantly more episodes of MDD (mean 6.5, P-value = 0.009) and have a clinically more severe disorder, while those with higher educational attainment are likely to manifest more comorbid anxiety disorders.<h4>Conclusions</h4>In China lower socioeconomic position is associated with increased rates of MDD, as it is elsewhere in the world. Significantly more episodes of MDD occur among those with lower educational attainment (rather than longer episodes of disease), consistent with the hypothesis that the lower socioeconomic position increases the likelihood of developing MDD. The phenomenology of MDD varies according to the degree of educational attainment: higher educational attainment not only appears to protect against MDD but alters its presentation, to a more anxious phenotype. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1f105068d17443c19d56d7e04abff85e |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2014-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj-art-1f105068d17443c19d56d7e04abff85e2025-08-20T03:10:47ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032014-01-0191e8667410.1371/journal.pone.0086674Associations of educational attainment, occupation, social class and major depressive disorder among Han Chinese women.Jianguo ShiYan ZhangFeihu LiuYajuan LiJunhui WangJonathan FlintJingfang GaoYouhui LiMing TaoKerang ZhangXumei WangChengge GaoLijun YangKan LiShenxun ShiGang WangLanfen LiuJinbei ZhangBo DuGuoqing JiangJianhua ShenZhen ZhangWei LiangJing SunJian HuTiebang LiuXueyi WangGuodong MiaoHuaqing MengYi LiChunmei HuYi LiGuoping HuangGongying LiBaowei HaHong DengQiyi MeiHui ZhongShugui GaoHong SangYutang ZhangXiang FangFengyu YuDonglin YangTieqiao LiuYunchun ChenXiaohong HongWenyuan WuGuibing ChenMin CaiYan SongJiyang PanJicheng DongRunde PanWei ZhangZhenming ShenZhengrong LiuDanhua GuXiaoping WangXiaojuan LiuQiwen ZhangYihan LiYiping ChenKenneth S Kendler<h4>Background</h4>The prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is higher in those with low levels of educational attainment, the unemployed and those with low social status. However the extent to which these factors cause MDD is unclear. Most of the available data comes from studies in developed countries, and these findings may not extrapolate to developing countries. Examining the relationship between MDD and socio economic status in China is likely to add to the debate because of the radical economic and social changes occurring in China over the last 30 years.<h4>Principal findings</h4>We report results from 3,639 Chinese women with recurrent MDD and 3,800 controls. Highly significant odds ratios (ORs) were observed between MDD and full time employment (OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.25-0.46, logP = 78), social status (OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.77-0.87, logP = 13.3) and education attainment (OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.86-0.90, logP = 6.8). We found a monotonic relationship between increasing age and increasing levels of educational attainment. Those with only primary school education have significantly more episodes of MDD (mean 6.5, P-value = 0.009) and have a clinically more severe disorder, while those with higher educational attainment are likely to manifest more comorbid anxiety disorders.<h4>Conclusions</h4>In China lower socioeconomic position is associated with increased rates of MDD, as it is elsewhere in the world. Significantly more episodes of MDD occur among those with lower educational attainment (rather than longer episodes of disease), consistent with the hypothesis that the lower socioeconomic position increases the likelihood of developing MDD. The phenomenology of MDD varies according to the degree of educational attainment: higher educational attainment not only appears to protect against MDD but alters its presentation, to a more anxious phenotype.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086674 |
| spellingShingle | Jianguo Shi Yan Zhang Feihu Liu Yajuan Li Junhui Wang Jonathan Flint Jingfang Gao Youhui Li Ming Tao Kerang Zhang Xumei Wang Chengge Gao Lijun Yang Kan Li Shenxun Shi Gang Wang Lanfen Liu Jinbei Zhang Bo Du Guoqing Jiang Jianhua Shen Zhen Zhang Wei Liang Jing Sun Jian Hu Tiebang Liu Xueyi Wang Guodong Miao Huaqing Meng Yi Li Chunmei Hu Yi Li Guoping Huang Gongying Li Baowei Ha Hong Deng Qiyi Mei Hui Zhong Shugui Gao Hong Sang Yutang Zhang Xiang Fang Fengyu Yu Donglin Yang Tieqiao Liu Yunchun Chen Xiaohong Hong Wenyuan Wu Guibing Chen Min Cai Yan Song Jiyang Pan Jicheng Dong Runde Pan Wei Zhang Zhenming Shen Zhengrong Liu Danhua Gu Xiaoping Wang Xiaojuan Liu Qiwen Zhang Yihan Li Yiping Chen Kenneth S Kendler Associations of educational attainment, occupation, social class and major depressive disorder among Han Chinese women. PLoS ONE |
| title | Associations of educational attainment, occupation, social class and major depressive disorder among Han Chinese women. |
| title_full | Associations of educational attainment, occupation, social class and major depressive disorder among Han Chinese women. |
| title_fullStr | Associations of educational attainment, occupation, social class and major depressive disorder among Han Chinese women. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Associations of educational attainment, occupation, social class and major depressive disorder among Han Chinese women. |
| title_short | Associations of educational attainment, occupation, social class and major depressive disorder among Han Chinese women. |
| title_sort | associations of educational attainment occupation social class and major depressive disorder among han chinese women |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086674 |
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