Cognitive Assessment and Training in Extended Reality: Multimodal Systems, Clinical Utility, and Current Challenges
Extended reality (XR) technologies—encompassing virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR)—are transforming cognitive assessment and training by offering immersive, interactive environments that simulate real-world tasks. XR enhances ecological validity while enabling real-...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| author | Palmira Victoria González-Erena Sara Fernández-Guinea Panagiotis Kourtesis |
| author_facet | Palmira Victoria González-Erena Sara Fernández-Guinea Panagiotis Kourtesis |
| author_sort | Palmira Victoria González-Erena |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Extended reality (XR) technologies—encompassing virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR)—are transforming cognitive assessment and training by offering immersive, interactive environments that simulate real-world tasks. XR enhances ecological validity while enabling real-time, multimodal data collection through tools such as galvanic skin response (GSR), electroencephalography (EEG), eye tracking (ET), hand tracking, and body tracking. This allows for a more comprehensive understanding of cognitive and emotional processes, as well as adaptive, personalized interventions for users. Despite these advancements, current XR applications often underutilize the full potential of multimodal integration, relying primarily on visual and auditory inputs. Challenges such as cybersickness, usability concerns, and accessibility barriers further limit the widespread adoption of XR tools in cognitive science and clinical practice. This review examines XR-based cognitive assessment and training, focusing on its advantages over traditional methods, including ecological validity, engagement, and adaptability. It also explores unresolved challenges such as system usability, cost, and the need for multimodal feedback integration. The review concludes by identifying opportunities for optimizing XR tools to improve cognitive evaluation and rehabilitation outcomes, particularly for diverse populations, including older adults and individuals with cognitive impairments. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1ea3efe8275d4fc88d947f70b5871ae4 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2673-8392 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Encyclopedia |
| spelling | doaj-art-1ea3efe8275d4fc88d947f70b5871ae42025-08-20T03:43:15ZengMDPI AGEncyclopedia2673-83922025-01-0151810.3390/encyclopedia5010008Cognitive Assessment and Training in Extended Reality: Multimodal Systems, Clinical Utility, and Current ChallengesPalmira Victoria González-Erena0Sara Fernández-Guinea1Panagiotis Kourtesis2Department of Psychology, The American College of Greece, 15342 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Psychology, The American College of Greece, 15342 Athens, GreeceExtended reality (XR) technologies—encompassing virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR)—are transforming cognitive assessment and training by offering immersive, interactive environments that simulate real-world tasks. XR enhances ecological validity while enabling real-time, multimodal data collection through tools such as galvanic skin response (GSR), electroencephalography (EEG), eye tracking (ET), hand tracking, and body tracking. This allows for a more comprehensive understanding of cognitive and emotional processes, as well as adaptive, personalized interventions for users. Despite these advancements, current XR applications often underutilize the full potential of multimodal integration, relying primarily on visual and auditory inputs. Challenges such as cybersickness, usability concerns, and accessibility barriers further limit the widespread adoption of XR tools in cognitive science and clinical practice. This review examines XR-based cognitive assessment and training, focusing on its advantages over traditional methods, including ecological validity, engagement, and adaptability. It also explores unresolved challenges such as system usability, cost, and the need for multimodal feedback integration. The review concludes by identifying opportunities for optimizing XR tools to improve cognitive evaluation and rehabilitation outcomes, particularly for diverse populations, including older adults and individuals with cognitive impairments.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8392/5/1/8extended reality (XR)cognitive assessmentcognitive traininguser experienceusabilityacceptability |
| spellingShingle | Palmira Victoria González-Erena Sara Fernández-Guinea Panagiotis Kourtesis Cognitive Assessment and Training in Extended Reality: Multimodal Systems, Clinical Utility, and Current Challenges Encyclopedia extended reality (XR) cognitive assessment cognitive training user experience usability acceptability |
| title | Cognitive Assessment and Training in Extended Reality: Multimodal Systems, Clinical Utility, and Current Challenges |
| title_full | Cognitive Assessment and Training in Extended Reality: Multimodal Systems, Clinical Utility, and Current Challenges |
| title_fullStr | Cognitive Assessment and Training in Extended Reality: Multimodal Systems, Clinical Utility, and Current Challenges |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cognitive Assessment and Training in Extended Reality: Multimodal Systems, Clinical Utility, and Current Challenges |
| title_short | Cognitive Assessment and Training in Extended Reality: Multimodal Systems, Clinical Utility, and Current Challenges |
| title_sort | cognitive assessment and training in extended reality multimodal systems clinical utility and current challenges |
| topic | extended reality (XR) cognitive assessment cognitive training user experience usability acceptability |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8392/5/1/8 |
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