Immunological microenvironment and targeted therapeutics in multiple sclerosis: new insights in crosstalk between immune niches and CNS
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that predominantly affects young adults. However, current disease-modifying therapies demonstrate limited efficacy in addressing progressive disease subtypes, underscoring the urgent need for novel therapeut...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1604987/full |
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| _version_ | 1849247139840917504 |
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| author | Xiaodi Sun Feng Zhang Luojinyun Wang Gyeore Lee Sibo Yang Daqiang Zhou Bohao Chang Bo Hu Yifan Zhou |
| author_facet | Xiaodi Sun Feng Zhang Luojinyun Wang Gyeore Lee Sibo Yang Daqiang Zhou Bohao Chang Bo Hu Yifan Zhou |
| author_sort | Xiaodi Sun |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that predominantly affects young adults. However, current disease-modifying therapies demonstrate limited efficacy in addressing progressive disease subtypes, underscoring the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we systematically review the neuroimmune interactions underlying the pathogenesis of MS, with a focus on three key aspects: the immune niche, immune cell types, and cell-based therapies. We first discuss the evolution of brain-immune concepts, from early notions of immune privilege to modern understandings of brain-border immune niches (meninges, choroid plexus, and perivascular spaces). These compartments serve as critical interfaces where peripheral immune cells interact with CNS-resident immune cells. We then analyze the roles of specific immune cell subsets (e.g., T/B cells, myeloid cells and microglia) in disease progression, highlighting their functional heterogeneity across different MS subtypes. Furthermore, we highlight emerging MS immunotherapies-including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T regimens, mesenchymal stem cell interventions, microbiome modulation, and nanodelivery systems, which strategically target mechanistic nodes spanning neuroimmune niche regulation, inflammatory cascade blockade, and CNS neurorestorative capacities. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1e7de606825a4fb9bb294b77cac7955e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj-art-1e7de606825a4fb9bb294b77cac7955e2025-08-20T03:58:18ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242025-08-011610.3389/fimmu.2025.16049871604987Immunological microenvironment and targeted therapeutics in multiple sclerosis: new insights in crosstalk between immune niches and CNSXiaodi SunFeng ZhangLuojinyun WangGyeore LeeSibo YangDaqiang ZhouBohao ChangBo HuYifan ZhouMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that predominantly affects young adults. However, current disease-modifying therapies demonstrate limited efficacy in addressing progressive disease subtypes, underscoring the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we systematically review the neuroimmune interactions underlying the pathogenesis of MS, with a focus on three key aspects: the immune niche, immune cell types, and cell-based therapies. We first discuss the evolution of brain-immune concepts, from early notions of immune privilege to modern understandings of brain-border immune niches (meninges, choroid plexus, and perivascular spaces). These compartments serve as critical interfaces where peripheral immune cells interact with CNS-resident immune cells. We then analyze the roles of specific immune cell subsets (e.g., T/B cells, myeloid cells and microglia) in disease progression, highlighting their functional heterogeneity across different MS subtypes. Furthermore, we highlight emerging MS immunotherapies-including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T regimens, mesenchymal stem cell interventions, microbiome modulation, and nanodelivery systems, which strategically target mechanistic nodes spanning neuroimmune niche regulation, inflammatory cascade blockade, and CNS neurorestorative capacities.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1604987/fullmultiple sclerosisautoimmuneneuroimmunecerebral immune nichestargeted therapy |
| spellingShingle | Xiaodi Sun Feng Zhang Luojinyun Wang Gyeore Lee Sibo Yang Daqiang Zhou Bohao Chang Bo Hu Yifan Zhou Immunological microenvironment and targeted therapeutics in multiple sclerosis: new insights in crosstalk between immune niches and CNS Frontiers in Immunology multiple sclerosis autoimmune neuroimmune cerebral immune niches targeted therapy |
| title | Immunological microenvironment and targeted therapeutics in multiple sclerosis: new insights in crosstalk between immune niches and CNS |
| title_full | Immunological microenvironment and targeted therapeutics in multiple sclerosis: new insights in crosstalk between immune niches and CNS |
| title_fullStr | Immunological microenvironment and targeted therapeutics in multiple sclerosis: new insights in crosstalk between immune niches and CNS |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immunological microenvironment and targeted therapeutics in multiple sclerosis: new insights in crosstalk between immune niches and CNS |
| title_short | Immunological microenvironment and targeted therapeutics in multiple sclerosis: new insights in crosstalk between immune niches and CNS |
| title_sort | immunological microenvironment and targeted therapeutics in multiple sclerosis new insights in crosstalk between immune niches and cns |
| topic | multiple sclerosis autoimmune neuroimmune cerebral immune niches targeted therapy |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1604987/full |
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