Exploring the degradation behavior of biodegradable metals (Mg, Zn, and Fe) in human duodenal fluid

Biodegradable metals have been of great interest in making gastrointestinal implants these years. The most researched biodegradable metal is magnesium (Mg), followed by zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe). However, due to the limitations of in vivo experiments and the complex component of the gastrointestinal f...

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Main Authors: Yue Zhang, Jian Cao, Huan Liu, Cheng Wang, Chenglin Chu, Feng Xue, Regine Willumeit-Römer, Norbert Hort, Yuanding Huang, Jing Bai
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. 2025-05-01
Series:Journal of Magnesium and Alloys
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213956725001008
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author Yue Zhang
Jian Cao
Huan Liu
Cheng Wang
Chenglin Chu
Feng Xue
Regine Willumeit-Römer
Norbert Hort
Yuanding Huang
Jing Bai
author_facet Yue Zhang
Jian Cao
Huan Liu
Cheng Wang
Chenglin Chu
Feng Xue
Regine Willumeit-Römer
Norbert Hort
Yuanding Huang
Jing Bai
author_sort Yue Zhang
collection DOAJ
description Biodegradable metals have been of great interest in making gastrointestinal implants these years. The most researched biodegradable metal is magnesium (Mg), followed by zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe). However, due to the limitations of in vivo experiments and the complex component of the gastrointestinal fluid, their degradation mechanisms in such an environment are still ambiguous. In this work, the human duodenal fluid (HDF) was used to investigate their in vitro degradation behaviors, with a simulated duodenal fluid (SDF) prepared for the control group based on the HDF ionic composition. After immersion of these metals for 7 days, it is found that HDF shows a stronger pH buffering effect than SDF due to the presence of organics. These organics can also hinder the degradation of metals by affecting their product formation in different ways. On the one hand, the adsorption of organics and their effects on the fluid dominate their degradation inhibition effect on Mg and Zn in HDF. On the other hand, they can hinder the further oxidation of the degradation products of Fe, which is the main mechanism resulting in a lower degradation rate of Fe in HDF rather than in SDF. Among the three metals, Mg unsurprisingly shows the highest degradation rate in both fluids. Interestingly, Zn is nearly immune to degradation in HDF, while it presents typical pitting corrosion in SDF. Compared to their degradation rates in popular pseudo-humoral media (e. g. Hanks’ Balanced Salt Solutions, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium) reported previously, Mg degrades faster, and Zn and Fe more slowly in HDF. The higher in vitro degradation rate of Fe than that of Zn is influenced by oxygen and ions in the degradation environment.
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spelling doaj-art-1e2fd8d7e6a24869867d9465759dca832025-08-20T03:31:11ZengKeAi Communications Co., Ltd.Journal of Magnesium and Alloys2213-95672025-05-011352103211910.1016/j.jma.2025.02.034Exploring the degradation behavior of biodegradable metals (Mg, Zn, and Fe) in human duodenal fluidYue Zhang0Jian Cao1Huan Liu2Cheng Wang3Chenglin Chu4Feng Xue5Regine Willumeit-Römer6Norbert Hort7Yuanding Huang8Jing Bai9Institute of Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht 21502, Germany; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, ChinaDepartment of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; Corresponding authors.College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Light Metal Alloys, Nanjing 211212, ChinaSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; Institute of Biomedical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215163, ChinaSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; Institute of Biomedical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215163, ChinaSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; Institute of Biomedical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215163, ChinaInstitute of Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht 21502, GermanyInstitute of Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht 21502, GermanyInstitute of Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht 21502, Germany; Corresponding authors.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Light Metal Alloys, Nanjing 211212, China; Institute of Biomedical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215163, China; Corresponding authors.Biodegradable metals have been of great interest in making gastrointestinal implants these years. The most researched biodegradable metal is magnesium (Mg), followed by zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe). However, due to the limitations of in vivo experiments and the complex component of the gastrointestinal fluid, their degradation mechanisms in such an environment are still ambiguous. In this work, the human duodenal fluid (HDF) was used to investigate their in vitro degradation behaviors, with a simulated duodenal fluid (SDF) prepared for the control group based on the HDF ionic composition. After immersion of these metals for 7 days, it is found that HDF shows a stronger pH buffering effect than SDF due to the presence of organics. These organics can also hinder the degradation of metals by affecting their product formation in different ways. On the one hand, the adsorption of organics and their effects on the fluid dominate their degradation inhibition effect on Mg and Zn in HDF. On the other hand, they can hinder the further oxidation of the degradation products of Fe, which is the main mechanism resulting in a lower degradation rate of Fe in HDF rather than in SDF. Among the three metals, Mg unsurprisingly shows the highest degradation rate in both fluids. Interestingly, Zn is nearly immune to degradation in HDF, while it presents typical pitting corrosion in SDF. Compared to their degradation rates in popular pseudo-humoral media (e. g. Hanks’ Balanced Salt Solutions, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium) reported previously, Mg degrades faster, and Zn and Fe more slowly in HDF. The higher in vitro degradation rate of Fe than that of Zn is influenced by oxygen and ions in the degradation environment.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213956725001008Gastrointestinal tractin vitroOrganicCorrosion
spellingShingle Yue Zhang
Jian Cao
Huan Liu
Cheng Wang
Chenglin Chu
Feng Xue
Regine Willumeit-Römer
Norbert Hort
Yuanding Huang
Jing Bai
Exploring the degradation behavior of biodegradable metals (Mg, Zn, and Fe) in human duodenal fluid
Journal of Magnesium and Alloys
Gastrointestinal tract
in vitro
Organic
Corrosion
title Exploring the degradation behavior of biodegradable metals (Mg, Zn, and Fe) in human duodenal fluid
title_full Exploring the degradation behavior of biodegradable metals (Mg, Zn, and Fe) in human duodenal fluid
title_fullStr Exploring the degradation behavior of biodegradable metals (Mg, Zn, and Fe) in human duodenal fluid
title_full_unstemmed Exploring the degradation behavior of biodegradable metals (Mg, Zn, and Fe) in human duodenal fluid
title_short Exploring the degradation behavior of biodegradable metals (Mg, Zn, and Fe) in human duodenal fluid
title_sort exploring the degradation behavior of biodegradable metals mg zn and fe in human duodenal fluid
topic Gastrointestinal tract
in vitro
Organic
Corrosion
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213956725001008
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