Commercially pure titanium via wire arc directed energy deposition using localised shielding

Powder-based additive manufacturing (AM) of commercially pure titanium (CPTi) presents challenges regarding feedstock handling, surface oxide formation, and limited build volume. This study examines the microstructural, mechanical, and crystallographic properties of wire arc-directed energy depositi...

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Main Authors: Aruntapan Dash, Victor K. Champagne, Amit Bandyopadhyay
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2025-12-01
Series:Philosophical Magazine Letters
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/09500839.2025.2533788
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author Aruntapan Dash
Victor K. Champagne
Amit Bandyopadhyay
author_facet Aruntapan Dash
Victor K. Champagne
Amit Bandyopadhyay
author_sort Aruntapan Dash
collection DOAJ
description Powder-based additive manufacturing (AM) of commercially pure titanium (CPTi) presents challenges regarding feedstock handling, surface oxide formation, and limited build volume. This study examines the microstructural, mechanical, and crystallographic properties of wire arc-directed energy deposition (WA-DED) CPTi specimens utilising a novel localised shielding technique. Implementing a high-purity argon purging system effectively mitigated oxide formation during the printing process. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a preferential crystallographic orientation along the (002) plane, with a consistent α-titanium phase. Residual stress measurements significantly reduced from 203.53 MPa in as-printed specimens to 17.02 MPa after heat treatment. Microstructural examination showed serrated and acicular α-grains with an average size of 22 μm. Microhardness and tensile testing revealed mechanical properties comparable to those of Grade 3-Ti, with a ductile failure mechanism. The research highlights the potential of the advanced localised shielding technique in enhancing the quality of large-scale additively manufactured titanium components.
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institution Kabale University
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publishDate 2025-12-01
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series Philosophical Magazine Letters
spelling doaj-art-1dfb2c2c79e3493a84ff387f02c7e2032025-08-20T03:51:44ZengTaylor & Francis GroupPhilosophical Magazine Letters0950-08391362-30362025-12-01105110.1080/09500839.2025.2533788Commercially pure titanium via wire arc directed energy deposition using localised shieldingAruntapan Dash0Victor K. Champagne1Amit Bandyopadhyay2School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USADEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Army Research Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USASchool of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USAPowder-based additive manufacturing (AM) of commercially pure titanium (CPTi) presents challenges regarding feedstock handling, surface oxide formation, and limited build volume. This study examines the microstructural, mechanical, and crystallographic properties of wire arc-directed energy deposition (WA-DED) CPTi specimens utilising a novel localised shielding technique. Implementing a high-purity argon purging system effectively mitigated oxide formation during the printing process. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a preferential crystallographic orientation along the (002) plane, with a consistent α-titanium phase. Residual stress measurements significantly reduced from 203.53 MPa in as-printed specimens to 17.02 MPa after heat treatment. Microstructural examination showed serrated and acicular α-grains with an average size of 22 μm. Microhardness and tensile testing revealed mechanical properties comparable to those of Grade 3-Ti, with a ductile failure mechanism. The research highlights the potential of the advanced localised shielding technique in enhancing the quality of large-scale additively manufactured titanium components.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/09500839.2025.2533788CPTilocalized shieldingWA-DEDadditive manufacturing3D printing
spellingShingle Aruntapan Dash
Victor K. Champagne
Amit Bandyopadhyay
Commercially pure titanium via wire arc directed energy deposition using localised shielding
Philosophical Magazine Letters
CPTi
localized shielding
WA-DED
additive manufacturing
3D printing
title Commercially pure titanium via wire arc directed energy deposition using localised shielding
title_full Commercially pure titanium via wire arc directed energy deposition using localised shielding
title_fullStr Commercially pure titanium via wire arc directed energy deposition using localised shielding
title_full_unstemmed Commercially pure titanium via wire arc directed energy deposition using localised shielding
title_short Commercially pure titanium via wire arc directed energy deposition using localised shielding
title_sort commercially pure titanium via wire arc directed energy deposition using localised shielding
topic CPTi
localized shielding
WA-DED
additive manufacturing
3D printing
url https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/09500839.2025.2533788
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AT amitbandyopadhyay commerciallypuretitaniumviawirearcdirectedenergydepositionusinglocalisedshielding