TROLL 4.0: representing water and carbon fluxes, leaf phenology, and intraspecific trait variation in a mixed-species individual-based forest dynamics model – Part 2: Model evaluation for two Amazonian sites
<p>TROLL 4.0 is an individual-based forest dynamics model that jointly simulates the structure, diversity, and functioning of tropical forests, including their water balance, carbon fluxes, and leaf phenology, while accounting for intraspecific trait variation for a large number of species. In...
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Copernicus Publications
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Geoscientific Model Development |
| Online Access: | https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/18/5205/2025/gmd-18-5205-2025.pdf |
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| author | S. Schmitt S. Schmitt S. Schmitt F. J. Fischer J. G. C. Ball N. Barbier M. Boisseaux D. Bonal B. Burban X. Chen G. Derroire G. Derroire G. Derroire J. W. Lichstein D. Nemetschek N. Restrepo-Coupe S. Saleska G. Sellan P. Verley G. Vincent C. Ziegler J. Chave I. Maréchaux |
| author_facet | S. Schmitt S. Schmitt S. Schmitt F. J. Fischer J. G. C. Ball N. Barbier M. Boisseaux D. Bonal B. Burban X. Chen G. Derroire G. Derroire G. Derroire J. W. Lichstein D. Nemetschek N. Restrepo-Coupe S. Saleska G. Sellan P. Verley G. Vincent C. Ziegler J. Chave I. Maréchaux |
| author_sort | S. Schmitt |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>TROLL 4.0 is an individual-based forest dynamics model that jointly simulates the structure, diversity, and functioning of tropical forests, including their water balance, carbon fluxes, and leaf phenology, while accounting for intraspecific trait variation for a large number of species. In a companion paper, we describe how the model represents the physiological and demographic processes that control the tree life cycle in a 1 m resolution spatially explicit scene and uses plant functional traits measurable in the field to parameterize such processes across species and individuals (Maréchaux et al., 2025). Here we evaluate the performance of TROLL 4.0 for two Amazonian sites with contrasting soil and climate properties. We assessed the model's ability to represent forest structure, composition, and dynamics using lidar-derived spatial distribution of top canopy height and forest inventories combined with information on plant functional traits. We also evaluated the model's ability to represent carbon and water fluxes, as well as leaf area variation, at daily and fortnightly resolution over a decade, using detailed information from on-site eddy covariance towers, satellite data, and ground-based or airborne lidar data. We finally compared the responses of carbon and water fluxes to environmental drivers between simulated and observed data. Overall, TROLL 4.0 provided a realistic representation of<span id="page5206"/> forests at both sites. The simulated canopy height distribution showed a high correlation coefficient (CC) with observed aerial and satellite data (CC <span class="inline-formula">></span> 0.92), while the species and functional composition were well represented (CC <span class="inline-formula">></span> 0.75). TROLL 4.0 also realistically simulated the seasonal variability of carbon and water fluxes (CC <span class="inline-formula">></span> 0.46) and their responses to environmental drivers, while capturing temporal variations in leaf area (CC <span class="inline-formula">></span> 0.76) and its partitioning into leaf age cohorts. However, TROLL 4.0 overestimated annual gross primary productivity at both sites (mean RMSEP <span class="inline-formula">=</span> 0.94 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 0.67 kgC m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>) and evapotranspiration at one site (mean RMSEP <span class="inline-formula">=</span> 0.75 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 0.63 mm d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>), likely due to an underestimation of the soil water depletion and stomatal control during the dry season. This evaluation highlights the potential of TROLL 4.0 to represent ecosystem fluxes and the structure, diversity, and dynamics of plant communities at a fine resolution, paving the way for model predictions of the effects of climate change, fragmentation, and forest management on forest structure and dynamics.</p> |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1df497675c5e4d24a20caab75c222c95 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1991-959X 1991-9603 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Geoscientific Model Development |
| spelling | doaj-art-1df497675c5e4d24a20caab75c222c952025-08-26T04:19:12ZengCopernicus PublicationsGeoscientific Model Development1991-959X1991-96032025-08-01185205524310.5194/gmd-18-5205-2025TROLL 4.0: representing water and carbon fluxes, leaf phenology, and intraspecific trait variation in a mixed-species individual-based forest dynamics model – Part 2: Model evaluation for two Amazonian sitesS. Schmitt0S. Schmitt1S. Schmitt2F. J. Fischer3J. G. C. Ball4N. Barbier5M. Boisseaux6D. Bonal7B. Burban8X. Chen9G. Derroire10G. Derroire11G. Derroire12J. W. Lichstein13D. Nemetschek14N. Restrepo-Coupe15S. Saleska16G. Sellan17P. Verley18G. Vincent19C. Ziegler20J. Chave21I. Maréchaux22CIRAD, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, 34398 Montpellier, FranceForêts et Sociétés, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, FranceAMAP, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, FranceSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UKDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UKAMAP, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, FranceUniv. Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, 33612 Pessac, FranceUniversité de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, 54000 Nancy, FranceINRAE, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, Cirad, CNRS, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, 97310 Kourou, French GuianaSchool of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, ChinaCIRAD, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, 34398 Montpellier, FranceForêts et Sociétés, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, FranceCirad, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, 97310 Kourou, French GuianaDepartment of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USASchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UKEcology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USAEcology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USACirad, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, 97310 Kourou, French GuianaAMAP, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, FranceAMAP, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, FranceUniv. Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, 33612 Pessac, FranceCentre de Recherche Biodiversité et Environnement, UMR5300, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, IRD, INPT, Toulouse CEDEX 9, FranceAMAP, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France<p>TROLL 4.0 is an individual-based forest dynamics model that jointly simulates the structure, diversity, and functioning of tropical forests, including their water balance, carbon fluxes, and leaf phenology, while accounting for intraspecific trait variation for a large number of species. In a companion paper, we describe how the model represents the physiological and demographic processes that control the tree life cycle in a 1 m resolution spatially explicit scene and uses plant functional traits measurable in the field to parameterize such processes across species and individuals (Maréchaux et al., 2025). Here we evaluate the performance of TROLL 4.0 for two Amazonian sites with contrasting soil and climate properties. We assessed the model's ability to represent forest structure, composition, and dynamics using lidar-derived spatial distribution of top canopy height and forest inventories combined with information on plant functional traits. We also evaluated the model's ability to represent carbon and water fluxes, as well as leaf area variation, at daily and fortnightly resolution over a decade, using detailed information from on-site eddy covariance towers, satellite data, and ground-based or airborne lidar data. We finally compared the responses of carbon and water fluxes to environmental drivers between simulated and observed data. Overall, TROLL 4.0 provided a realistic representation of<span id="page5206"/> forests at both sites. The simulated canopy height distribution showed a high correlation coefficient (CC) with observed aerial and satellite data (CC <span class="inline-formula">></span> 0.92), while the species and functional composition were well represented (CC <span class="inline-formula">></span> 0.75). TROLL 4.0 also realistically simulated the seasonal variability of carbon and water fluxes (CC <span class="inline-formula">></span> 0.46) and their responses to environmental drivers, while capturing temporal variations in leaf area (CC <span class="inline-formula">></span> 0.76) and its partitioning into leaf age cohorts. However, TROLL 4.0 overestimated annual gross primary productivity at both sites (mean RMSEP <span class="inline-formula">=</span> 0.94 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 0.67 kgC m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>) and evapotranspiration at one site (mean RMSEP <span class="inline-formula">=</span> 0.75 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 0.63 mm d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>), likely due to an underestimation of the soil water depletion and stomatal control during the dry season. This evaluation highlights the potential of TROLL 4.0 to represent ecosystem fluxes and the structure, diversity, and dynamics of plant communities at a fine resolution, paving the way for model predictions of the effects of climate change, fragmentation, and forest management on forest structure and dynamics.</p>https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/18/5205/2025/gmd-18-5205-2025.pdf |
| spellingShingle | S. Schmitt S. Schmitt S. Schmitt F. J. Fischer J. G. C. Ball N. Barbier M. Boisseaux D. Bonal B. Burban X. Chen G. Derroire G. Derroire G. Derroire J. W. Lichstein D. Nemetschek N. Restrepo-Coupe S. Saleska G. Sellan P. Verley G. Vincent C. Ziegler J. Chave I. Maréchaux TROLL 4.0: representing water and carbon fluxes, leaf phenology, and intraspecific trait variation in a mixed-species individual-based forest dynamics model – Part 2: Model evaluation for two Amazonian sites Geoscientific Model Development |
| title | TROLL 4.0: representing water and carbon fluxes, leaf phenology, and intraspecific trait variation in a mixed-species individual-based forest dynamics model – Part 2: Model evaluation for two Amazonian sites |
| title_full | TROLL 4.0: representing water and carbon fluxes, leaf phenology, and intraspecific trait variation in a mixed-species individual-based forest dynamics model – Part 2: Model evaluation for two Amazonian sites |
| title_fullStr | TROLL 4.0: representing water and carbon fluxes, leaf phenology, and intraspecific trait variation in a mixed-species individual-based forest dynamics model – Part 2: Model evaluation for two Amazonian sites |
| title_full_unstemmed | TROLL 4.0: representing water and carbon fluxes, leaf phenology, and intraspecific trait variation in a mixed-species individual-based forest dynamics model – Part 2: Model evaluation for two Amazonian sites |
| title_short | TROLL 4.0: representing water and carbon fluxes, leaf phenology, and intraspecific trait variation in a mixed-species individual-based forest dynamics model – Part 2: Model evaluation for two Amazonian sites |
| title_sort | troll 4 0 representing water and carbon fluxes leaf phenology and intraspecific trait variation in a mixed species individual based forest dynamics model part 2 model evaluation for two amazonian sites |
| url | https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/18/5205/2025/gmd-18-5205-2025.pdf |
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