Enhancing the removal efficiency of azo dye using sodium borohydride in the presence of inorganic nano catalysts
Synthetic dyes have gained great attention nowadays, especially the most popular azo dyes, due to their harmful and toxic effects on human health and the environment. Non-toxic zinc oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared in a green way, which is fast, simple, low-cost, and environmen...
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Elsevier
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Green Analytical Chemistry |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772577424001034 |
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| author | Hasan Fadhil Al Rubai Muntadhar Salih Sultan Ghazi M. Abed |
| author_facet | Hasan Fadhil Al Rubai Muntadhar Salih Sultan Ghazi M. Abed |
| author_sort | Hasan Fadhil Al Rubai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Synthetic dyes have gained great attention nowadays, especially the most popular azo dyes, due to their harmful and toxic effects on human health and the environment. Non-toxic zinc oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared in a green way, which is fast, simple, low-cost, and environmentally friendly. XRD and FT-IR techniques were used to diagnose these NPs, the size of NPs ranges between (23–50) nanometers. It has been confirmed that the Reactive Red dye (RR120) has been removed from the nanoparticles' surface. Several experimental parameters were examined, such as temperature, reducing agent dosage, starting dye concentration, and medium acidity. According to the findings, the alkaline medium pH = 9 worked best for removing the dye using iron oxide in the presence of sodium borohydride, while the acidic medium pH = 3 worked best for removing the color using zinc oxide. At a contact period of 60 min, ZnO and Fe3O4 shown a considerable impact on dye removal, achieving % 78 and % 52, respectively, while NaBH4 by itself only managed % 37. After 15 min, the low dye concentration of 10 ppm produced ZnO and Fe3O4 yields of % 80 and % 90, respectively, whereas the high dye concentration of 100 ppm produced % 30 and % 65 during the same contact period. The removal of dye increased from 33 % to 94 % at a contact period of 15 min when the temperature was adjusted from 298 to 323 k. During the same contact time, iron oxide obtained 70 % at 298 k, and the removal increased to 90 % at 323 k. Finally, the reducing agent functions optimally in the presence of nanoparticles, which offer a substantial surface area and an appropriate pathway for electrons to reach the dye. However, the absence of nanocatalysts results in a delayed dye reaction. This research work proposes a clean way to restore the environment from toxins and for a clean and elegant atmosphere. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1dd7c6d3dd9149c2aba09ffbb6621a99 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2772-5774 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Green Analytical Chemistry |
| spelling | doaj-art-1dd7c6d3dd9149c2aba09ffbb6621a992024-12-29T04:48:17ZengElsevierGreen Analytical Chemistry2772-57742025-03-0112100194Enhancing the removal efficiency of azo dye using sodium borohydride in the presence of inorganic nano catalystsHasan Fadhil Al Rubai0Muntadhar Salih Sultan1Ghazi M. Abed2Scientific Research Commission, Research and Technology Center of Environment, Water and Renewable Energy, Baghdad, IraqDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq; Corresponding author.Scientific Research Commission, Research and Technology Center of Environment, Water and Renewable Energy, Baghdad, IraqSynthetic dyes have gained great attention nowadays, especially the most popular azo dyes, due to their harmful and toxic effects on human health and the environment. Non-toxic zinc oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared in a green way, which is fast, simple, low-cost, and environmentally friendly. XRD and FT-IR techniques were used to diagnose these NPs, the size of NPs ranges between (23–50) nanometers. It has been confirmed that the Reactive Red dye (RR120) has been removed from the nanoparticles' surface. Several experimental parameters were examined, such as temperature, reducing agent dosage, starting dye concentration, and medium acidity. According to the findings, the alkaline medium pH = 9 worked best for removing the dye using iron oxide in the presence of sodium borohydride, while the acidic medium pH = 3 worked best for removing the color using zinc oxide. At a contact period of 60 min, ZnO and Fe3O4 shown a considerable impact on dye removal, achieving % 78 and % 52, respectively, while NaBH4 by itself only managed % 37. After 15 min, the low dye concentration of 10 ppm produced ZnO and Fe3O4 yields of % 80 and % 90, respectively, whereas the high dye concentration of 100 ppm produced % 30 and % 65 during the same contact period. The removal of dye increased from 33 % to 94 % at a contact period of 15 min when the temperature was adjusted from 298 to 323 k. During the same contact time, iron oxide obtained 70 % at 298 k, and the removal increased to 90 % at 323 k. Finally, the reducing agent functions optimally in the presence of nanoparticles, which offer a substantial surface area and an appropriate pathway for electrons to reach the dye. However, the absence of nanocatalysts results in a delayed dye reaction. This research work proposes a clean way to restore the environment from toxins and for a clean and elegant atmosphere.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772577424001034DecolorizationInorganic nanoparticlesSodium borohydride |
| spellingShingle | Hasan Fadhil Al Rubai Muntadhar Salih Sultan Ghazi M. Abed Enhancing the removal efficiency of azo dye using sodium borohydride in the presence of inorganic nano catalysts Green Analytical Chemistry Decolorization Inorganic nanoparticles Sodium borohydride |
| title | Enhancing the removal efficiency of azo dye using sodium borohydride in the presence of inorganic nano catalysts |
| title_full | Enhancing the removal efficiency of azo dye using sodium borohydride in the presence of inorganic nano catalysts |
| title_fullStr | Enhancing the removal efficiency of azo dye using sodium borohydride in the presence of inorganic nano catalysts |
| title_full_unstemmed | Enhancing the removal efficiency of azo dye using sodium borohydride in the presence of inorganic nano catalysts |
| title_short | Enhancing the removal efficiency of azo dye using sodium borohydride in the presence of inorganic nano catalysts |
| title_sort | enhancing the removal efficiency of azo dye using sodium borohydride in the presence of inorganic nano catalysts |
| topic | Decolorization Inorganic nanoparticles Sodium borohydride |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772577424001034 |
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