Impacts of Traditional Warm-Up and Post-Activation Potentiation on Muscle Endurance During the Back Squat: Response of Blood Lactate, Perceived Effort, and Time Under Tension
Background: Warm-up strategies are essential for optimizing strength-training performance. Traditional warm-ups improve neuromuscular readiness, whereas post-activation potentiation (PAP) has been proposed to acutely enhance muscular output. This randomized crossover study compared the acute effects...
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology |
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| author | Taianda M. Amorim Alexandre V. Gurgel Viviane Faleiro Thiago T. Guimarães Estêvão R. Monteiro Felipe G. Teixeira Bruno Jotta Tiago C. Figueiredo Raquel C. Castiglione Silvio R. Marques-Neto |
| author_facet | Taianda M. Amorim Alexandre V. Gurgel Viviane Faleiro Thiago T. Guimarães Estêvão R. Monteiro Felipe G. Teixeira Bruno Jotta Tiago C. Figueiredo Raquel C. Castiglione Silvio R. Marques-Neto |
| author_sort | Taianda M. Amorim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Warm-up strategies are essential for optimizing strength-training performance. Traditional warm-ups improve neuromuscular readiness, whereas post-activation potentiation (PAP) has been proposed to acutely enhance muscular output. This randomized crossover study compared the acute effects of traditional and PAP-based warm-ups on local muscular endurance (LME) during free weight back squats in resistance-trained men. Methods: Twelve trained males (age: 41.3 ± 5.7 years; one repetition maximum squat: 129.3 ± 14.3 kg) completed three randomized squat sessions: mobility with LME (M + LME), traditional warm-up with LME (T + LME), and PAP with LME (PAP + LME). The sessions were spaced 48 h apart. Outcomes included the number of repetitions, blood lactate concentration, time under tension (TUT), perceived exertion through OMNI Resistance Exercise Scale (OMNI-RES), and pain perception through visual analogue scale (VAS). One-way ANOVA and partial eta-squared (η<sup>2</sup>p) were used for statistical analyses. Results: PAP + LME significantly increased the number of repetitions (15.63 ± 3.66) compared to both M + LME (12.38 ± 3.89) and T + LME (13.63 ± 3.82; <i>p</i> < 0.0001). Blood lactate levels were significantly higher in PAP + LME (8.98 ± 3.87 mmol/L) compared to M + LME (5.08 ± 0.97 mmol/L; <i>p</i> = 0.01). TUT was significantly shorter in both the PAP + LME and T + LME groups than in the M + LME group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). VAS scores were higher after PAP + LME (8.50 ± 0.45) than after M + LME (6.50 ± 1.20; <i>p</i> = 0.02), while OMNI-RES scores did not differ significantly between the protocols. Conclusions: Both traditional and PAP-based warm-ups improved squat LME compared with mobility alone. PAP elicited greater repetition performance and metabolic stress but also increased discomfort. Warm-up selection should align with training goals, balancing performance benefits and perceived fatigue. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1dbe327f57f74c7ebafe04b2f061c376 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2411-5142 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-1dbe327f57f74c7ebafe04b2f061c3762025-08-20T03:27:22ZengMDPI AGJournal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology2411-51422025-05-0110218810.3390/jfmk10020188Impacts of Traditional Warm-Up and Post-Activation Potentiation on Muscle Endurance During the Back Squat: Response of Blood Lactate, Perceived Effort, and Time Under TensionTaianda M. Amorim0Alexandre V. Gurgel1Viviane Faleiro2Thiago T. Guimarães3Estêvão R. Monteiro4Felipe G. Teixeira5Bruno Jotta6Tiago C. Figueiredo7Raquel C. Castiglione8Silvio R. Marques-Neto9Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Atividade Física, Universidade Salgado de Oliveira (UNIVERSO), Niterói 24030-060, BrazilPrograma de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Atividade Física, Universidade Salgado de Oliveira (UNIVERSO), Niterói 24030-060, BrazilPrograma de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Atividade Física, Universidade Salgado de Oliveira (UNIVERSO), Niterói 24030-060, BrazilPrograma de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Atividade Física, Universidade Salgado de Oliveira (UNIVERSO), Niterói 24030-060, BrazilPostgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Science (PPGCR/UNISUAM), Centro Universitário Augusto Motta, Rio de Janeiro 21041-020, BrazilLaboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício (LAFIEX), Universidade Estácio de Sá, Rio de Janeiro 20771-004, BrazilLaboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício (LAFIEX), Universidade Estácio de Sá, Rio de Janeiro 20771-004, BrazilLaboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício (LAFIEX), Universidade Estácio de Sá, Rio de Janeiro 20771-004, BrazilLaboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas e Experimentais em Biologia Vascular (BioVasc), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, BrazilPrograma de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Atividade Física, Universidade Salgado de Oliveira (UNIVERSO), Niterói 24030-060, BrazilBackground: Warm-up strategies are essential for optimizing strength-training performance. Traditional warm-ups improve neuromuscular readiness, whereas post-activation potentiation (PAP) has been proposed to acutely enhance muscular output. This randomized crossover study compared the acute effects of traditional and PAP-based warm-ups on local muscular endurance (LME) during free weight back squats in resistance-trained men. Methods: Twelve trained males (age: 41.3 ± 5.7 years; one repetition maximum squat: 129.3 ± 14.3 kg) completed three randomized squat sessions: mobility with LME (M + LME), traditional warm-up with LME (T + LME), and PAP with LME (PAP + LME). The sessions were spaced 48 h apart. Outcomes included the number of repetitions, blood lactate concentration, time under tension (TUT), perceived exertion through OMNI Resistance Exercise Scale (OMNI-RES), and pain perception through visual analogue scale (VAS). One-way ANOVA and partial eta-squared (η<sup>2</sup>p) were used for statistical analyses. Results: PAP + LME significantly increased the number of repetitions (15.63 ± 3.66) compared to both M + LME (12.38 ± 3.89) and T + LME (13.63 ± 3.82; <i>p</i> < 0.0001). Blood lactate levels were significantly higher in PAP + LME (8.98 ± 3.87 mmol/L) compared to M + LME (5.08 ± 0.97 mmol/L; <i>p</i> = 0.01). TUT was significantly shorter in both the PAP + LME and T + LME groups than in the M + LME group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). VAS scores were higher after PAP + LME (8.50 ± 0.45) than after M + LME (6.50 ± 1.20; <i>p</i> = 0.02), while OMNI-RES scores did not differ significantly between the protocols. Conclusions: Both traditional and PAP-based warm-ups improved squat LME compared with mobility alone. PAP elicited greater repetition performance and metabolic stress but also increased discomfort. Warm-up selection should align with training goals, balancing performance benefits and perceived fatigue.https://www.mdpi.com/2411-5142/10/2/188post-activation potentiationwarm-up strategiesmuscular enduranceback squatlactateperceived exertion |
| spellingShingle | Taianda M. Amorim Alexandre V. Gurgel Viviane Faleiro Thiago T. Guimarães Estêvão R. Monteiro Felipe G. Teixeira Bruno Jotta Tiago C. Figueiredo Raquel C. Castiglione Silvio R. Marques-Neto Impacts of Traditional Warm-Up and Post-Activation Potentiation on Muscle Endurance During the Back Squat: Response of Blood Lactate, Perceived Effort, and Time Under Tension Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology post-activation potentiation warm-up strategies muscular endurance back squat lactate perceived exertion |
| title | Impacts of Traditional Warm-Up and Post-Activation Potentiation on Muscle Endurance During the Back Squat: Response of Blood Lactate, Perceived Effort, and Time Under Tension |
| title_full | Impacts of Traditional Warm-Up and Post-Activation Potentiation on Muscle Endurance During the Back Squat: Response of Blood Lactate, Perceived Effort, and Time Under Tension |
| title_fullStr | Impacts of Traditional Warm-Up and Post-Activation Potentiation on Muscle Endurance During the Back Squat: Response of Blood Lactate, Perceived Effort, and Time Under Tension |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impacts of Traditional Warm-Up and Post-Activation Potentiation on Muscle Endurance During the Back Squat: Response of Blood Lactate, Perceived Effort, and Time Under Tension |
| title_short | Impacts of Traditional Warm-Up and Post-Activation Potentiation on Muscle Endurance During the Back Squat: Response of Blood Lactate, Perceived Effort, and Time Under Tension |
| title_sort | impacts of traditional warm up and post activation potentiation on muscle endurance during the back squat response of blood lactate perceived effort and time under tension |
| topic | post-activation potentiation warm-up strategies muscular endurance back squat lactate perceived exertion |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2411-5142/10/2/188 |
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