A Unified Model for the Soil Freezing Characteristic Curve Based on Pore Size Distribution and Principles of Thermodynamics

Abstract The soil freezing characteristic curve (SFCC) is used as a tool for interpreting various properties of frozen soils such as hydraulic conductivity, volume change, and shear strength. Existing SFCC models are commonly based on empirical relationships, pore size distribution (POSD), or adapta...

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Main Authors: Hao Wang, Sai K. Vanapalli, Xu Li
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wiley 2025-03-01
Series:Water Resources Research
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1029/2024WR038715
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author Hao Wang
Sai K. Vanapalli
Xu Li
author_facet Hao Wang
Sai K. Vanapalli
Xu Li
author_sort Hao Wang
collection DOAJ
description Abstract The soil freezing characteristic curve (SFCC) is used as a tool for interpreting various properties of frozen soils such as hydraulic conductivity, volume change, and shear strength. Existing SFCC models are commonly based on empirical relationships, pore size distribution (POSD), or adaptations of the Soil‐Water Characteristic Curve (SWCC). Empirical models often lack a theoretical foundation, limiting their general applicability. Experimental evidence suggests that matric suction at a given temperature is affected by freezing rate, raising concerns about the suitability of SWCC‐based approaches for predicting SFCC. POSD‐based models are typically restricted to non‐saline soils, while current methods for saline soils primarily rely on SWCC‐based models, incorporating osmotic suction and iterative calculations to estimate unfrozen water content, which complicates practical applications. This study presents a unified SFCC model by transforming pore size into pore volumes using the POSD function (Weibull function) and extending the Gibbs‐Thomson equation to account for solute effects. The model eliminates the need for iterative calculations by deriving a freezing point depression equation that links the effects of confinement and solute concentration to pore size. Validations of the proposed unified SFCC model against experimental data demonstrates its accuracy in predicting unfrozen water content across different soil types and solute concentrations. Finally, the model's ability to simulate thermal‐hydraulic processes using a freezing column experiment is promising for its application in practice.
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spelling doaj-art-1d0705877c0c48e187f3c55a07b0c5042025-08-20T02:09:27ZengWileyWater Resources Research0043-13971944-79732025-03-01613n/an/a10.1029/2024WR038715A Unified Model for the Soil Freezing Characteristic Curve Based on Pore Size Distribution and Principles of ThermodynamicsHao Wang0Sai K. Vanapalli1Xu Li2Department of Civil Engineering University of Ottawa Ottawa ON CanadaDepartment of Civil Engineering University of Ottawa Ottawa ON CanadaKey Laboratory of Urban Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing ChinaAbstract The soil freezing characteristic curve (SFCC) is used as a tool for interpreting various properties of frozen soils such as hydraulic conductivity, volume change, and shear strength. Existing SFCC models are commonly based on empirical relationships, pore size distribution (POSD), or adaptations of the Soil‐Water Characteristic Curve (SWCC). Empirical models often lack a theoretical foundation, limiting their general applicability. Experimental evidence suggests that matric suction at a given temperature is affected by freezing rate, raising concerns about the suitability of SWCC‐based approaches for predicting SFCC. POSD‐based models are typically restricted to non‐saline soils, while current methods for saline soils primarily rely on SWCC‐based models, incorporating osmotic suction and iterative calculations to estimate unfrozen water content, which complicates practical applications. This study presents a unified SFCC model by transforming pore size into pore volumes using the POSD function (Weibull function) and extending the Gibbs‐Thomson equation to account for solute effects. The model eliminates the need for iterative calculations by deriving a freezing point depression equation that links the effects of confinement and solute concentration to pore size. Validations of the proposed unified SFCC model against experimental data demonstrates its accuracy in predicting unfrozen water content across different soil types and solute concentrations. Finally, the model's ability to simulate thermal‐hydraulic processes using a freezing column experiment is promising for its application in practice.https://doi.org/10.1029/2024WR038715soil freezing characteristic curvepore size distributionextended gibbs‐thomson equationsaline soilsnumerical simulation
spellingShingle Hao Wang
Sai K. Vanapalli
Xu Li
A Unified Model for the Soil Freezing Characteristic Curve Based on Pore Size Distribution and Principles of Thermodynamics
Water Resources Research
soil freezing characteristic curve
pore size distribution
extended gibbs‐thomson equation
saline soils
numerical simulation
title A Unified Model for the Soil Freezing Characteristic Curve Based on Pore Size Distribution and Principles of Thermodynamics
title_full A Unified Model for the Soil Freezing Characteristic Curve Based on Pore Size Distribution and Principles of Thermodynamics
title_fullStr A Unified Model for the Soil Freezing Characteristic Curve Based on Pore Size Distribution and Principles of Thermodynamics
title_full_unstemmed A Unified Model for the Soil Freezing Characteristic Curve Based on Pore Size Distribution and Principles of Thermodynamics
title_short A Unified Model for the Soil Freezing Characteristic Curve Based on Pore Size Distribution and Principles of Thermodynamics
title_sort unified model for the soil freezing characteristic curve based on pore size distribution and principles of thermodynamics
topic soil freezing characteristic curve
pore size distribution
extended gibbs‐thomson equation
saline soils
numerical simulation
url https://doi.org/10.1029/2024WR038715
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