A Novel Normalized Quantitative Real-Time PCR Approach for Ensuring Roe Deer (<i>Capreolus capreolus</i>) Meat Authenticity in Game Meat Foods
Roe deer meat is a prized game product in many European countries. However, concerns exist regarding the accuracy of the amount of declared roe deer in processed game meat foods. This study aimed to develop a reliable method for the detection and quantification of roe deer in commercialized game mea...
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MDPI AG
2024-11-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| author | Bukola M. Adenuga Rita Biltes Caterina Villa Joana Costa Anita Spychaj Magdalena Montowska Isabel Mafra |
| author_facet | Bukola M. Adenuga Rita Biltes Caterina Villa Joana Costa Anita Spychaj Magdalena Montowska Isabel Mafra |
| author_sort | Bukola M. Adenuga |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Roe deer meat is a prized game product in many European countries. However, concerns exist regarding the accuracy of the amount of declared roe deer in processed game meat foods. This study aimed to develop a reliable method for the detection and quantification of roe deer in commercialized game meat products. A TaqMan probe-based quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay was designed, targeting a single-copy 120-bp region of the roe deer agouti signaling protein (ASIP) encoding gene. The method employed the normalized ∆Cq approach to establish a calibration curve for roe deer detection and quantification within 0.05–50% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) in complex raw and processed matrices. The method proved to be specific for roe deer identification, achieving limits of detection and quantification of 0.04 ng of roe deer DNA and 0.05% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) of roe deer in simulated pâté. Following validation with blind samples, highlighting the precision and trueness of the approach, the assay was applied to 46 market samples from four European origins (Poland, Portugal, France, and Spain). The analysis revealed significant discrepancies between declared roe deer content and actual levels in all roe deer labeled products. The global analysis of results, combining the previous survey on red deer species with present roe deer data, identified 61% of mislabeled/adulterated samples due to the absence of deer species, substitution of roe deer with red deer, substitution of fallow deer with other deer species and red deer with pork, and undeclared addition of roe deer. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the developed qPCR method for accurate roe deer meat authentication in foods, showing its usefulness as a tool for routine food inspection to ensure labeling compliance. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1c00bba2e79a41509212e54b26310e4b |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj-art-1c00bba2e79a41509212e54b26310e4b2025-08-20T01:55:28ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582024-11-011323372810.3390/foods13233728A Novel Normalized Quantitative Real-Time PCR Approach for Ensuring Roe Deer (<i>Capreolus capreolus</i>) Meat Authenticity in Game Meat FoodsBukola M. Adenuga0Rita Biltes1Caterina Villa2Joana Costa3Anita Spychaj4Magdalena Montowska5Isabel Mafra6LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, PortugalLAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, PortugalLAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, PortugalLAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, PortugalDepartment of Meat Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, PolandDepartment of Meat Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, PolandLAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, PortugalRoe deer meat is a prized game product in many European countries. However, concerns exist regarding the accuracy of the amount of declared roe deer in processed game meat foods. This study aimed to develop a reliable method for the detection and quantification of roe deer in commercialized game meat products. A TaqMan probe-based quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay was designed, targeting a single-copy 120-bp region of the roe deer agouti signaling protein (ASIP) encoding gene. The method employed the normalized ∆Cq approach to establish a calibration curve for roe deer detection and quantification within 0.05–50% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) in complex raw and processed matrices. The method proved to be specific for roe deer identification, achieving limits of detection and quantification of 0.04 ng of roe deer DNA and 0.05% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) of roe deer in simulated pâté. Following validation with blind samples, highlighting the precision and trueness of the approach, the assay was applied to 46 market samples from four European origins (Poland, Portugal, France, and Spain). The analysis revealed significant discrepancies between declared roe deer content and actual levels in all roe deer labeled products. The global analysis of results, combining the previous survey on red deer species with present roe deer data, identified 61% of mislabeled/adulterated samples due to the absence of deer species, substitution of roe deer with red deer, substitution of fallow deer with other deer species and red deer with pork, and undeclared addition of roe deer. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the developed qPCR method for accurate roe deer meat authentication in foods, showing its usefulness as a tool for routine food inspection to ensure labeling compliance.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/23/3728food authenticationgame meat productsroe deernuclear markeragouti signaling protein (ASIP) geneqPCR |
| spellingShingle | Bukola M. Adenuga Rita Biltes Caterina Villa Joana Costa Anita Spychaj Magdalena Montowska Isabel Mafra A Novel Normalized Quantitative Real-Time PCR Approach for Ensuring Roe Deer (<i>Capreolus capreolus</i>) Meat Authenticity in Game Meat Foods Foods food authentication game meat products roe deer nuclear marker agouti signaling protein (ASIP) gene qPCR |
| title | A Novel Normalized Quantitative Real-Time PCR Approach for Ensuring Roe Deer (<i>Capreolus capreolus</i>) Meat Authenticity in Game Meat Foods |
| title_full | A Novel Normalized Quantitative Real-Time PCR Approach for Ensuring Roe Deer (<i>Capreolus capreolus</i>) Meat Authenticity in Game Meat Foods |
| title_fullStr | A Novel Normalized Quantitative Real-Time PCR Approach for Ensuring Roe Deer (<i>Capreolus capreolus</i>) Meat Authenticity in Game Meat Foods |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Novel Normalized Quantitative Real-Time PCR Approach for Ensuring Roe Deer (<i>Capreolus capreolus</i>) Meat Authenticity in Game Meat Foods |
| title_short | A Novel Normalized Quantitative Real-Time PCR Approach for Ensuring Roe Deer (<i>Capreolus capreolus</i>) Meat Authenticity in Game Meat Foods |
| title_sort | novel normalized quantitative real time pcr approach for ensuring roe deer i capreolus capreolus i meat authenticity in game meat foods |
| topic | food authentication game meat products roe deer nuclear marker agouti signaling protein (ASIP) gene qPCR |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/23/3728 |
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