Exploring the toxicological and beneficial effects of 4,5,6-Trimethoxy-2,3-diphenyl indole on Labeo rohita fingerlings
Abstract The aim of this research was to examine the potential toxic or beneficial impacts of 4,5,6-Trimethoxy-2,3-diphenyl indole on fingerlings of Labeo rohita when administered in water. The study involved four groups of Labeo rohita fish (n = 40) exposed to varying water-borne concentrations (0....
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Nature Portfolio
2025-05-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-01099-8 |
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| author | Syeda Laila Rubab Muhammad Asad Huraira Alam Khan Sami A. Al-Hussain Ali Irfan Magdi E. A. Zaki |
| author_facet | Syeda Laila Rubab Muhammad Asad Huraira Alam Khan Sami A. Al-Hussain Ali Irfan Magdi E. A. Zaki |
| author_sort | Syeda Laila Rubab |
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| description | Abstract The aim of this research was to examine the potential toxic or beneficial impacts of 4,5,6-Trimethoxy-2,3-diphenyl indole on fingerlings of Labeo rohita when administered in water. The study involved four groups of Labeo rohita fish (n = 40) exposed to varying water-borne concentrations (0.00, 32.08, 48.13 and 96.26 mg/L) of 4,5,6-Trimethoxy-2,3-diphenyl indole over a fourteen day period. The fish were maintained under standard living conditions to minimize stress. Histological examination of the brain and gills revealed abnormal tissue structure only in the high-concentration group. The high-concentration group displayed aneurysms, degenerative changes, blood vessel congestion, and structural degeneration in the gills, while the brain exhibited necrosis, pyknosis, hemorrhage, degenerative changes and vacuolization. Levels of glutathione (GSH) decreased in both gills and brain, malondialdehyde (MDA) increased in gills but decreased in the brain, catalase (CAT) decreased in gills but increased in the brain and lipid peroxidase (LPO) significantly increased in both gills and brain only in the high-concentration group. Serum proteins (total proteins, albumin, and globulins) were significantly reduced in the high concentration group. Overall, the study indicated that at a high concentration of 96.26 mg/L through water-borne exposure, 4,5,6-Trimethoxy-2,3-diphenyl indole exhibited toxic effects, while at medium and low concentrations, it demonstrated beneficial effects. The findings suggest that the compound has more beneficial than toxic effects and could be recommended for specific applications to leverage its beneficial properties. |
| format | Article |
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| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-1bea07fddf584d548f784b7a9cb776582025-08-20T01:49:47ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-05-0115111110.1038/s41598-025-01099-8Exploring the toxicological and beneficial effects of 4,5,6-Trimethoxy-2,3-diphenyl indole on Labeo rohita fingerlingsSyeda Laila Rubab0Muhammad Asad1Huraira Alam Khan2Sami A. Al-Hussain3Ali Irfan4Magdi E. A. Zaki5Division of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Education LahoreDivision of Science and Technology, Department of Zoology, University of Education LahoreDivision of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Education LahoreDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)Department of Chemistry, Government College University FaisalabadDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)Abstract The aim of this research was to examine the potential toxic or beneficial impacts of 4,5,6-Trimethoxy-2,3-diphenyl indole on fingerlings of Labeo rohita when administered in water. The study involved four groups of Labeo rohita fish (n = 40) exposed to varying water-borne concentrations (0.00, 32.08, 48.13 and 96.26 mg/L) of 4,5,6-Trimethoxy-2,3-diphenyl indole over a fourteen day period. The fish were maintained under standard living conditions to minimize stress. Histological examination of the brain and gills revealed abnormal tissue structure only in the high-concentration group. The high-concentration group displayed aneurysms, degenerative changes, blood vessel congestion, and structural degeneration in the gills, while the brain exhibited necrosis, pyknosis, hemorrhage, degenerative changes and vacuolization. Levels of glutathione (GSH) decreased in both gills and brain, malondialdehyde (MDA) increased in gills but decreased in the brain, catalase (CAT) decreased in gills but increased in the brain and lipid peroxidase (LPO) significantly increased in both gills and brain only in the high-concentration group. Serum proteins (total proteins, albumin, and globulins) were significantly reduced in the high concentration group. Overall, the study indicated that at a high concentration of 96.26 mg/L through water-borne exposure, 4,5,6-Trimethoxy-2,3-diphenyl indole exhibited toxic effects, while at medium and low concentrations, it demonstrated beneficial effects. The findings suggest that the compound has more beneficial than toxic effects and could be recommended for specific applications to leverage its beneficial properties.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-01099-8Indole benefitsIndole toxicityHistologyAnti-oxidantsLabeo rohita |
| spellingShingle | Syeda Laila Rubab Muhammad Asad Huraira Alam Khan Sami A. Al-Hussain Ali Irfan Magdi E. A. Zaki Exploring the toxicological and beneficial effects of 4,5,6-Trimethoxy-2,3-diphenyl indole on Labeo rohita fingerlings Scientific Reports Indole benefits Indole toxicity Histology Anti-oxidants Labeo rohita |
| title | Exploring the toxicological and beneficial effects of 4,5,6-Trimethoxy-2,3-diphenyl indole on Labeo rohita fingerlings |
| title_full | Exploring the toxicological and beneficial effects of 4,5,6-Trimethoxy-2,3-diphenyl indole on Labeo rohita fingerlings |
| title_fullStr | Exploring the toxicological and beneficial effects of 4,5,6-Trimethoxy-2,3-diphenyl indole on Labeo rohita fingerlings |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exploring the toxicological and beneficial effects of 4,5,6-Trimethoxy-2,3-diphenyl indole on Labeo rohita fingerlings |
| title_short | Exploring the toxicological and beneficial effects of 4,5,6-Trimethoxy-2,3-diphenyl indole on Labeo rohita fingerlings |
| title_sort | exploring the toxicological and beneficial effects of 4 5 6 trimethoxy 2 3 diphenyl indole on labeo rohita fingerlings |
| topic | Indole benefits Indole toxicity Histology Anti-oxidants Labeo rohita |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-01099-8 |
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