Measuring pH in insulin secretory granules by phasor-based fluorescence lifetime imaging of a genetically encoded sensor

Abstract It is widely accepted that the pH of insulin granules is acidic, and that its active regulation during granule maturation plays a role in the process of insulin secretion by β-cells. Yet, a calibrated measurement of the absolute granule pH with organelle specificity is still lacking. To tac...

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Main Authors: Valentina De Lorenzi, Samuele Ghignoli, Mario Bernardi, Giulia Matteoli, Gianmarco Ferri, Barbara Storti, Ranieri Bizzarri, Francesco Cardarelli
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-02-01
Series:Communications Biology
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-025-07758-w
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author Valentina De Lorenzi
Samuele Ghignoli
Mario Bernardi
Giulia Matteoli
Gianmarco Ferri
Barbara Storti
Ranieri Bizzarri
Francesco Cardarelli
author_facet Valentina De Lorenzi
Samuele Ghignoli
Mario Bernardi
Giulia Matteoli
Gianmarco Ferri
Barbara Storti
Ranieri Bizzarri
Francesco Cardarelli
author_sort Valentina De Lorenzi
collection DOAJ
description Abstract It is widely accepted that the pH of insulin granules is acidic, and that its active regulation during granule maturation plays a role in the process of insulin secretion by β-cells. Yet, a calibrated measurement of the absolute granule pH with organelle specificity is still lacking. To tackle this issue, we use the genetically encoded E1GFP pH reporter inserted into the C-peptide of proinsulin and expressed in Insulinoma 1E cells. Following verification of correct targeting of the E1GFP reporter in the insulin granules, phasor-based Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) is applied to obtain a calibrated and probe-concentration-independent measurement of insulin-granule pH. Our results confirm the acidic nature of insulin granules under maintenance cell culture conditions, with an average luminal pH of ~5.8, and show that acidity is actively maintained, as evidenced by its near-neutralization upon treatment with the vacuolar H+-ATPase inhibitor concanamycin. Additionally, by exploiting the intrinsic spatial resolution of FLIM, we highlight that granules which are proximal to the plasma membrane are slightly more acidic than those which are distal, a difference preserved even during the early phase of glucose-induced insulin secretion. This study lays the foundations for future investigations of granule pH in physiology and disease.
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spelling doaj-art-1b541d7fd72041e4aa468bd5ec2fe6572025-08-20T03:03:40ZengNature PortfolioCommunications Biology2399-36422025-02-01811910.1038/s42003-025-07758-wMeasuring pH in insulin secretory granules by phasor-based fluorescence lifetime imaging of a genetically encoded sensorValentina De Lorenzi0Samuele Ghignoli1Mario Bernardi2Giulia Matteoli3Gianmarco Ferri4Barbara Storti5Ranieri Bizzarri6Francesco Cardarelli7NEST Laboratory - Scuola Normale SuperioreNEST Laboratory - Scuola Normale SuperioreNEST Laboratory - Scuola Normale SuperioreNEST Laboratory - Scuola Normale SuperioreFondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUSNEST, Istituto Nanoscienze - CNRNEST, Istituto Nanoscienze - CNRNEST Laboratory - Scuola Normale SuperioreAbstract It is widely accepted that the pH of insulin granules is acidic, and that its active regulation during granule maturation plays a role in the process of insulin secretion by β-cells. Yet, a calibrated measurement of the absolute granule pH with organelle specificity is still lacking. To tackle this issue, we use the genetically encoded E1GFP pH reporter inserted into the C-peptide of proinsulin and expressed in Insulinoma 1E cells. Following verification of correct targeting of the E1GFP reporter in the insulin granules, phasor-based Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) is applied to obtain a calibrated and probe-concentration-independent measurement of insulin-granule pH. Our results confirm the acidic nature of insulin granules under maintenance cell culture conditions, with an average luminal pH of ~5.8, and show that acidity is actively maintained, as evidenced by its near-neutralization upon treatment with the vacuolar H+-ATPase inhibitor concanamycin. Additionally, by exploiting the intrinsic spatial resolution of FLIM, we highlight that granules which are proximal to the plasma membrane are slightly more acidic than those which are distal, a difference preserved even during the early phase of glucose-induced insulin secretion. This study lays the foundations for future investigations of granule pH in physiology and disease.https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-025-07758-w
spellingShingle Valentina De Lorenzi
Samuele Ghignoli
Mario Bernardi
Giulia Matteoli
Gianmarco Ferri
Barbara Storti
Ranieri Bizzarri
Francesco Cardarelli
Measuring pH in insulin secretory granules by phasor-based fluorescence lifetime imaging of a genetically encoded sensor
Communications Biology
title Measuring pH in insulin secretory granules by phasor-based fluorescence lifetime imaging of a genetically encoded sensor
title_full Measuring pH in insulin secretory granules by phasor-based fluorescence lifetime imaging of a genetically encoded sensor
title_fullStr Measuring pH in insulin secretory granules by phasor-based fluorescence lifetime imaging of a genetically encoded sensor
title_full_unstemmed Measuring pH in insulin secretory granules by phasor-based fluorescence lifetime imaging of a genetically encoded sensor
title_short Measuring pH in insulin secretory granules by phasor-based fluorescence lifetime imaging of a genetically encoded sensor
title_sort measuring ph in insulin secretory granules by phasor based fluorescence lifetime imaging of a genetically encoded sensor
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-025-07758-w
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