Early Molecular Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Oral Cancer

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), a major subtype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), is a significant global health burden owing to its late-stage diagnosis and poor prognosis. Recent advancements in molecular biology, genomics, and imaging have transformed the landscape of OSCC di...

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Main Authors: Po-Chih Hsu, Jen-Hsuan Huang, Chung-Che Tsai, Ya-Hsuan Lin, Chan-Yen Kuo
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Current Issues in Molecular Biology
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/47/6/452
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author Po-Chih Hsu
Jen-Hsuan Huang
Chung-Che Tsai
Ya-Hsuan Lin
Chan-Yen Kuo
author_facet Po-Chih Hsu
Jen-Hsuan Huang
Chung-Che Tsai
Ya-Hsuan Lin
Chan-Yen Kuo
author_sort Po-Chih Hsu
collection DOAJ
description Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), a major subtype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), is a significant global health burden owing to its late-stage diagnosis and poor prognosis. Recent advancements in molecular biology, genomics, and imaging have transformed the landscape of OSCC diagnosis and treatment. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of early molecular diagnostic strategies, including biomarker discovery using next-generation sequencing, liquid biopsy, and salivary exosomal microRNAs. In addition, we highlight the emerging role of non-invasive optical imaging technologies and their clinical integration for improved surgical precision and early lesion detection. This review also discusses evolving therapeutic approaches, including immunotherapy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and patient-centered multimodal regimens tailored through molecular profiling. We emphasized balancing therapeutic efficacy with the quality of life in patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy. The convergence of multi-omics, artificial intelligence, and precision medicine holds promise for revolutionizing early detection and personalized treatment of OSCC, ultimately improving patient survival and clinical outcomes.
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spelling doaj-art-1b096bfe47df4ecf9a65893dcdc185e52025-08-20T03:26:51ZengMDPI AGCurrent Issues in Molecular Biology1467-30371467-30452025-06-0147645210.3390/cimb47060452Early Molecular Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Oral CancerPo-Chih Hsu0Jen-Hsuan Huang1Chung-Che Tsai2Ya-Hsuan Lin3Chan-Yen Kuo4Department of Dentistry, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, TaiwanDepartment of Anesthesiology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, TaiwanDepartment of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, TaiwanDepartment of Nursing, Cardinal Tien College of Healthcare and Management, New Taipei City 231, TaiwanInstitute of Oral Medicine and Materials, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, TaiwanOral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), a major subtype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), is a significant global health burden owing to its late-stage diagnosis and poor prognosis. Recent advancements in molecular biology, genomics, and imaging have transformed the landscape of OSCC diagnosis and treatment. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of early molecular diagnostic strategies, including biomarker discovery using next-generation sequencing, liquid biopsy, and salivary exosomal microRNAs. In addition, we highlight the emerging role of non-invasive optical imaging technologies and their clinical integration for improved surgical precision and early lesion detection. This review also discusses evolving therapeutic approaches, including immunotherapy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and patient-centered multimodal regimens tailored through molecular profiling. We emphasized balancing therapeutic efficacy with the quality of life in patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy. The convergence of multi-omics, artificial intelligence, and precision medicine holds promise for revolutionizing early detection and personalized treatment of OSCC, ultimately improving patient survival and clinical outcomes.https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/47/6/452oral squamous cell carcinomahead and neck squamous cell carcinomamolecular diagnosticsnext-generation sequencing
spellingShingle Po-Chih Hsu
Jen-Hsuan Huang
Chung-Che Tsai
Ya-Hsuan Lin
Chan-Yen Kuo
Early Molecular Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Oral Cancer
Current Issues in Molecular Biology
oral squamous cell carcinoma
head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
molecular diagnostics
next-generation sequencing
title Early Molecular Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Oral Cancer
title_full Early Molecular Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Oral Cancer
title_fullStr Early Molecular Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Oral Cancer
title_full_unstemmed Early Molecular Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Oral Cancer
title_short Early Molecular Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Oral Cancer
title_sort early molecular diagnosis and comprehensive treatment of oral cancer
topic oral squamous cell carcinoma
head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
molecular diagnostics
next-generation sequencing
url https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/47/6/452
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AT chungchetsai earlymoleculardiagnosisandcomprehensivetreatmentoforalcancer
AT yahsuanlin earlymoleculardiagnosisandcomprehensivetreatmentoforalcancer
AT chanyenkuo earlymoleculardiagnosisandcomprehensivetreatmentoforalcancer