Fish scale-based carbon dots with g-C3N4 as a photo-catalyst for oxidation of herbicide 2,4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid under visible light: Experimental and theoretical studies
2,4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) has been employed as an herbicide to increase crop yields and ensure large-scale food production; however, it is highly toxic and persistent in the environment. This work deals with the green chemistry preparation of carbon quantum dots (NCDs) from fish scale...
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| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Results in Chemistry |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211715625003601 |
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| author | Yessenia-Scarlette García-Gutierrez Cristian-Brayan Palacios-Cabrera Alan-Javier Santiago-Cuevas Ivan-Alejandro Reyes-Domínguez Maria-Teresa Orta-Ledesma Frank Güell Eduard Llobet Edilso Reguera Carlos Alberto Huerta-Aguilar Pandiyan Thangarasu |
| author_facet | Yessenia-Scarlette García-Gutierrez Cristian-Brayan Palacios-Cabrera Alan-Javier Santiago-Cuevas Ivan-Alejandro Reyes-Domínguez Maria-Teresa Orta-Ledesma Frank Güell Eduard Llobet Edilso Reguera Carlos Alberto Huerta-Aguilar Pandiyan Thangarasu |
| author_sort | Yessenia-Scarlette García-Gutierrez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | 2,4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) has been employed as an herbicide to increase crop yields and ensure large-scale food production; however, it is highly toxic and persistent in the environment. This work deals with the green chemistry preparation of carbon quantum dots (NCDs) from fish scales and then combines them with graphitic carbon nitride to oxidize 2,4-D under visible light. The samples, C-NCDs, S-NCD, g-C3N4, C-NCD/g-C3N4, and S-NCD/g-C3N4 were characterized by different analytical methods (XRD, SEM, TEM, HRTEM, XPS, and fluorescence/UV–visible spectra). C-NCD/g-C3N4 and S-NCD/g-C3N4 are thermally stable, and the average size of the particles was ∼5.0–15 nm. SEM/TEM show that quasi-spherical particles (7–20 nm) of C-CQD and S-NCD are homogeneously dispersed, and the fluorescence emission spectra show distinct profiles as C-NCDs (429 nm) and S-NCDs (318 nm and 404 nm), caused by hetero atoms from the fish scales that are less pronounced for C-NCDs. This is consistent with the photoluminescence spectra that C-NCDs and S-NCDs exhibit a green visible emission at 575 and 526 nm, respectively, as a typical behavior of carbon quantum dots. The bandgap energy of the samples (2.77–2.91 eV) is consistent with those from the Density Functional Theory (DFT). The adsorption of 2,4-D by S-NCDs/g-C3N4 is highly efficient; for example, qm = 2.85 × 10−5 mol/g for C-NCD/g-C3N4, 2.02 × 10−5 mol/g for S-NCD/g-C3N4 or 2.43 × 10−5 mol/g for g-C3N4. The photocatalytic oxidation of 2,4-D by the samples reveals that there is considerable photocatalytic oxidation and follows first-order kinetics in the substrate as follows: k visible = 4.3 × 10−3 mM s−1 and k solar = 7.5 × 10−3 mM s−1 for C-NCDs/g-C3N4; k visible = 5.4 × 10−3 mM s−1 and k solar = 10.4 × 10−3 mM s−1 for S-NCDs/g-C3N4. In the cell images, although C-NCD and S-NCD exhibit dispersed fluorescence, adding C-NCD or S-NCD results in a significant fluorescence increase. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1aa6d96d4e46466fbb09b3e71a712cea |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2211-7156 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Results in Chemistry |
| spelling | doaj-art-1aa6d96d4e46466fbb09b3e71a712cea2025-08-20T03:39:09ZengElsevierResults in Chemistry2211-71562025-07-011610237710.1016/j.rechem.2025.102377Fish scale-based carbon dots with g-C3N4 as a photo-catalyst for oxidation of herbicide 2,4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid under visible light: Experimental and theoretical studiesYessenia-Scarlette García-Gutierrez0Cristian-Brayan Palacios-Cabrera1Alan-Javier Santiago-Cuevas2Ivan-Alejandro Reyes-Domínguez3Maria-Teresa Orta-Ledesma4Frank Güell5Eduard Llobet6Edilso Reguera7Carlos Alberto Huerta-Aguilar8Pandiyan Thangarasu9Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, MexicoFacultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, MexicoFacultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, MexicoInstituto de Metalurgia, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78210, San Luis Potosí, MexicoInstituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, MexicoFacultat de Física, ENFOCAT, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain; School of Engineering, MINOS, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Catalunya, SpainSchool of Engineering, MINOS, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Catalunya, SpainCentro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Legaria, Mexico City, MexicoSchool of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, 72453 Puebla, Mexico; Corresponding authors.Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico; Corresponding authors.2,4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) has been employed as an herbicide to increase crop yields and ensure large-scale food production; however, it is highly toxic and persistent in the environment. This work deals with the green chemistry preparation of carbon quantum dots (NCDs) from fish scales and then combines them with graphitic carbon nitride to oxidize 2,4-D under visible light. The samples, C-NCDs, S-NCD, g-C3N4, C-NCD/g-C3N4, and S-NCD/g-C3N4 were characterized by different analytical methods (XRD, SEM, TEM, HRTEM, XPS, and fluorescence/UV–visible spectra). C-NCD/g-C3N4 and S-NCD/g-C3N4 are thermally stable, and the average size of the particles was ∼5.0–15 nm. SEM/TEM show that quasi-spherical particles (7–20 nm) of C-CQD and S-NCD are homogeneously dispersed, and the fluorescence emission spectra show distinct profiles as C-NCDs (429 nm) and S-NCDs (318 nm and 404 nm), caused by hetero atoms from the fish scales that are less pronounced for C-NCDs. This is consistent with the photoluminescence spectra that C-NCDs and S-NCDs exhibit a green visible emission at 575 and 526 nm, respectively, as a typical behavior of carbon quantum dots. The bandgap energy of the samples (2.77–2.91 eV) is consistent with those from the Density Functional Theory (DFT). The adsorption of 2,4-D by S-NCDs/g-C3N4 is highly efficient; for example, qm = 2.85 × 10−5 mol/g for C-NCD/g-C3N4, 2.02 × 10−5 mol/g for S-NCD/g-C3N4 or 2.43 × 10−5 mol/g for g-C3N4. The photocatalytic oxidation of 2,4-D by the samples reveals that there is considerable photocatalytic oxidation and follows first-order kinetics in the substrate as follows: k visible = 4.3 × 10−3 mM s−1 and k solar = 7.5 × 10−3 mM s−1 for C-NCDs/g-C3N4; k visible = 5.4 × 10−3 mM s−1 and k solar = 10.4 × 10−3 mM s−1 for S-NCDs/g-C3N4. In the cell images, although C-NCD and S-NCD exhibit dispersed fluorescence, adding C-NCD or S-NCD results in a significant fluorescence increase.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211715625003601Fish scale-based carbon dots (NCDs@g-C3N4)Photo-catalystG-C3N4 polymer2,4-D herbicide and DFT |
| spellingShingle | Yessenia-Scarlette García-Gutierrez Cristian-Brayan Palacios-Cabrera Alan-Javier Santiago-Cuevas Ivan-Alejandro Reyes-Domínguez Maria-Teresa Orta-Ledesma Frank Güell Eduard Llobet Edilso Reguera Carlos Alberto Huerta-Aguilar Pandiyan Thangarasu Fish scale-based carbon dots with g-C3N4 as a photo-catalyst for oxidation of herbicide 2,4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid under visible light: Experimental and theoretical studies Results in Chemistry Fish scale-based carbon dots (NCDs@g-C3N4) Photo-catalyst G-C3N4 polymer 2,4-D herbicide and DFT |
| title | Fish scale-based carbon dots with g-C3N4 as a photo-catalyst for oxidation of herbicide 2,4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid under visible light: Experimental and theoretical studies |
| title_full | Fish scale-based carbon dots with g-C3N4 as a photo-catalyst for oxidation of herbicide 2,4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid under visible light: Experimental and theoretical studies |
| title_fullStr | Fish scale-based carbon dots with g-C3N4 as a photo-catalyst for oxidation of herbicide 2,4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid under visible light: Experimental and theoretical studies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fish scale-based carbon dots with g-C3N4 as a photo-catalyst for oxidation of herbicide 2,4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid under visible light: Experimental and theoretical studies |
| title_short | Fish scale-based carbon dots with g-C3N4 as a photo-catalyst for oxidation of herbicide 2,4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid under visible light: Experimental and theoretical studies |
| title_sort | fish scale based carbon dots with g c3n4 as a photo catalyst for oxidation of herbicide 2 4 dichloro phenoxy acetic acid under visible light experimental and theoretical studies |
| topic | Fish scale-based carbon dots (NCDs@g-C3N4) Photo-catalyst G-C3N4 polymer 2,4-D herbicide and DFT |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211715625003601 |
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