Hybrid effects in biobased benzoxazine vitrimer composites reinforced with flax and carbon fibres
Fibre-reinforced vitrimers are an emerging class of recyclable composites, but the influence of fibre type and stacking sequence on performance remains underexplored. This study examines benzoxazine vitrimer composites with flax and/or carbon fibres, focusing on flexural strength, interlaminar shear...
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Elsevier
2025-10-01
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| Series: | Materials & Design |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264127525009529 |
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| author | Killian BOURDON Vincent BOULIC Dhahabia ABDALLAH BOINA Pierre VERGE Daniel F. SCHMIDT Tim HUBER |
| author_facet | Killian BOURDON Vincent BOULIC Dhahabia ABDALLAH BOINA Pierre VERGE Daniel F. SCHMIDT Tim HUBER |
| author_sort | Killian BOURDON |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Fibre-reinforced vitrimers are an emerging class of recyclable composites, but the influence of fibre type and stacking sequence on performance remains underexplored. This study examines benzoxazine vitrimer composites with flax and/or carbon fibres, focusing on flexural strength, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), and healing efficiency (property recovery after damage and reprocessing). Composites were fabricated using vacuum-assisted compression resin transfer moulding, with morphology analysed via X-ray microtomography.Among hybrid configurations, sandwich structures with carbon fibre skins showed higher flexural strength (up to 580 ± 50 MPa) compared to those with carbon fibre cores (180 ± 6 MPa). Increasing flax content reduced both flexural strength (from 580 ± 50 MPa to 500 ± 7 MPa) and ILSS (from 27.5 ± 0.7 MPa to 18.4 ± 1.5 MPa) for similar sandwich structures. Alternating structures exhibited intermediate performance, lower than composites with carbon fibre skins but higher than composites with flax fibre skins. Significantly higher flexural strength and modulus recovery was observed in composites with flax fibre skins (>87 %) vs. carbon fibre skins (<45 %), while ILSS recovery ranged from 78 % to 90 % regardless of structure. These findings highlight the role of stacking sequence and fibre selection in optimising the damage-repair performance of vitrimer composites. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1a2853cd83e34dcf925338daa1e5b1da |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0264-1275 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-10-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
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| spelling | doaj-art-1a2853cd83e34dcf925338daa1e5b1da2025-08-22T04:54:53ZengElsevierMaterials & Design0264-12752025-10-0125811453210.1016/j.matdes.2025.114532Hybrid effects in biobased benzoxazine vitrimer composites reinforced with flax and carbon fibresKillian BOURDON0Vincent BOULIC1Dhahabia ABDALLAH BOINA2Pierre VERGE3Daniel F. SCHMIDT4Tim HUBER5Department of Material Research and Technologies, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4942 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; University of Luxembourg, 2, Avenuede l’Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, LuxembourgDepartment of Material Research and Technologies, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4942 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; University of Luxembourg, 2, Avenuede l’Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, LuxembourgDepartment of Material Research and Technologies, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4942 Esch-sur-Alzette, LuxembourgDepartment of Material Research and Technologies, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4942 Esch-sur-Alzette, LuxembourgDepartment of Material Research and Technologies, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4942 Esch-sur-Alzette, LuxembourgDepartment of Material Research and Technologies, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4942 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Corresponding author.Fibre-reinforced vitrimers are an emerging class of recyclable composites, but the influence of fibre type and stacking sequence on performance remains underexplored. This study examines benzoxazine vitrimer composites with flax and/or carbon fibres, focusing on flexural strength, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), and healing efficiency (property recovery after damage and reprocessing). Composites were fabricated using vacuum-assisted compression resin transfer moulding, with morphology analysed via X-ray microtomography.Among hybrid configurations, sandwich structures with carbon fibre skins showed higher flexural strength (up to 580 ± 50 MPa) compared to those with carbon fibre cores (180 ± 6 MPa). Increasing flax content reduced both flexural strength (from 580 ± 50 MPa to 500 ± 7 MPa) and ILSS (from 27.5 ± 0.7 MPa to 18.4 ± 1.5 MPa) for similar sandwich structures. Alternating structures exhibited intermediate performance, lower than composites with carbon fibre skins but higher than composites with flax fibre skins. Significantly higher flexural strength and modulus recovery was observed in composites with flax fibre skins (>87 %) vs. carbon fibre skins (<45 %), while ILSS recovery ranged from 78 % to 90 % regardless of structure. These findings highlight the role of stacking sequence and fibre selection in optimising the damage-repair performance of vitrimer composites.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264127525009529VitrimerHybrid fibre compositeHealingFlax fibreCarbon fibre |
| spellingShingle | Killian BOURDON Vincent BOULIC Dhahabia ABDALLAH BOINA Pierre VERGE Daniel F. SCHMIDT Tim HUBER Hybrid effects in biobased benzoxazine vitrimer composites reinforced with flax and carbon fibres Materials & Design Vitrimer Hybrid fibre composite Healing Flax fibre Carbon fibre |
| title | Hybrid effects in biobased benzoxazine vitrimer composites reinforced with flax and carbon fibres |
| title_full | Hybrid effects in biobased benzoxazine vitrimer composites reinforced with flax and carbon fibres |
| title_fullStr | Hybrid effects in biobased benzoxazine vitrimer composites reinforced with flax and carbon fibres |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hybrid effects in biobased benzoxazine vitrimer composites reinforced with flax and carbon fibres |
| title_short | Hybrid effects in biobased benzoxazine vitrimer composites reinforced with flax and carbon fibres |
| title_sort | hybrid effects in biobased benzoxazine vitrimer composites reinforced with flax and carbon fibres |
| topic | Vitrimer Hybrid fibre composite Healing Flax fibre Carbon fibre |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264127525009529 |
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