Characterization of the tribologically relevant cover layers formed on copper in oxygen and oxygen-free conditions
Abstract Engineering in vacuum or under a protective atmosphere permits the production of materials, wherever the absence of oxygen is an essential demand for a successful processing. However, very few studies have provided quantitative evidence of the effect of oxidized surfaces to tribological pro...
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| Format: | Article |
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Tsinghua University Press
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Friction |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-022-0695-5 |
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| author | Selina Raumel Khemais Barienti Hoang-Thien Luu Nina Merkert Folke Dencker Florian Nürnberger Hans Jürgen Maier Marc Christopher Wurz |
| author_facet | Selina Raumel Khemais Barienti Hoang-Thien Luu Nina Merkert Folke Dencker Florian Nürnberger Hans Jürgen Maier Marc Christopher Wurz |
| author_sort | Selina Raumel |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Engineering in vacuum or under a protective atmosphere permits the production of materials, wherever the absence of oxygen is an essential demand for a successful processing. However, very few studies have provided quantitative evidence of the effect of oxidized surfaces to tribological properties. In the current study on 99.99% pure copper, it is revealed that tribo-oxidation and the resulting increased abrasive wear can be suppressed by processing in an extreme high vacuum (XHV) adequate environment. The XHV adequate atmosphere was realized by using a silane-doped shielding gas (1.5 vol% SiH4 in argon). To analyse the influence of the ambient atmosphere on the tribological and mechanical properties, a ball—disk tribometer and a nanoindenter were used in air, argon, and silane-doped argon atmosphere for temperatures up to 800 °C. Resistance measurements of the resulting coatings were carried out. To characterize the microstructures and the chemical compositions of the samples, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used. The investigations have revealed a formation of η-Cu3Si in silane-doped atmosphere at 300 °C, as well as various intermediate stages of copper silicides. At temperatures above 300 °C, the formation of γ-Cu5Si were detected. The formation was linked to an increase in hardness from 1.95 to 5.44 GPa, while the Young’s modulus increased by 46% to 178 GPa, with the significant reduction of the wear volume by a factor of 4.5 and the suppression of further oxidation and susceptibility of chemical wear. In addition, the relevant diffusion processes were identified using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2223-7690 2223-7704 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | Tsinghua University Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Friction |
| spelling | doaj-art-1a25c51cdc014c52bc656d8fdc94d48d2025-08-20T03:54:21ZengTsinghua University PressFriction2223-76902223-77042023-02-011181505152110.1007/s40544-022-0695-5Characterization of the tribologically relevant cover layers formed on copper in oxygen and oxygen-free conditionsSelina Raumel0Khemais Barienti1Hoang-Thien Luu2Nina Merkert3Folke Dencker4Florian Nürnberger5Hans Jürgen Maier6Marc Christopher Wurz7Institute of Micro Production Technology, Leibniz Universität HannoverInstitut für Werkstoffkunde (Materials Science), Leibniz Universität HannoverInstitute of Applied Mechanics, Clausthal University of TechnologyInstitute of Applied Mechanics, Clausthal University of TechnologyInstitute of Micro Production Technology, Leibniz Universität HannoverInstitut für Werkstoffkunde (Materials Science), Leibniz Universität HannoverInstitut für Werkstoffkunde (Materials Science), Leibniz Universität HannoverInstitute of Micro Production Technology, Leibniz Universität HannoverAbstract Engineering in vacuum or under a protective atmosphere permits the production of materials, wherever the absence of oxygen is an essential demand for a successful processing. However, very few studies have provided quantitative evidence of the effect of oxidized surfaces to tribological properties. In the current study on 99.99% pure copper, it is revealed that tribo-oxidation and the resulting increased abrasive wear can be suppressed by processing in an extreme high vacuum (XHV) adequate environment. The XHV adequate atmosphere was realized by using a silane-doped shielding gas (1.5 vol% SiH4 in argon). To analyse the influence of the ambient atmosphere on the tribological and mechanical properties, a ball—disk tribometer and a nanoindenter were used in air, argon, and silane-doped argon atmosphere for temperatures up to 800 °C. Resistance measurements of the resulting coatings were carried out. To characterize the microstructures and the chemical compositions of the samples, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used. The investigations have revealed a formation of η-Cu3Si in silane-doped atmosphere at 300 °C, as well as various intermediate stages of copper silicides. At temperatures above 300 °C, the formation of γ-Cu5Si were detected. The formation was linked to an increase in hardness from 1.95 to 5.44 GPa, while the Young’s modulus increased by 46% to 178 GPa, with the significant reduction of the wear volume by a factor of 4.5 and the suppression of further oxidation and susceptibility of chemical wear. In addition, the relevant diffusion processes were identified using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-022-0695-5wear behaviortribochemical reactionoxidation behaviorsurface analysismolecular dynamics (MD) simulation |
| spellingShingle | Selina Raumel Khemais Barienti Hoang-Thien Luu Nina Merkert Folke Dencker Florian Nürnberger Hans Jürgen Maier Marc Christopher Wurz Characterization of the tribologically relevant cover layers formed on copper in oxygen and oxygen-free conditions Friction wear behavior tribochemical reaction oxidation behavior surface analysis molecular dynamics (MD) simulation |
| title | Characterization of the tribologically relevant cover layers formed on copper in oxygen and oxygen-free conditions |
| title_full | Characterization of the tribologically relevant cover layers formed on copper in oxygen and oxygen-free conditions |
| title_fullStr | Characterization of the tribologically relevant cover layers formed on copper in oxygen and oxygen-free conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characterization of the tribologically relevant cover layers formed on copper in oxygen and oxygen-free conditions |
| title_short | Characterization of the tribologically relevant cover layers formed on copper in oxygen and oxygen-free conditions |
| title_sort | characterization of the tribologically relevant cover layers formed on copper in oxygen and oxygen free conditions |
| topic | wear behavior tribochemical reaction oxidation behavior surface analysis molecular dynamics (MD) simulation |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-022-0695-5 |
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