Monolithic Desktop Digital Fabrication of Autonomous Walking Robots

The fully automated fabrication of robots has long been a holy grail with the potential to revolutionize various industries, including manufacturing, construction, disaster relief, and space exploration. 3D printing offers a promising approach to automation, but the ability to print entire, complex...

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Main Authors: Yichen Zhai, Jiayao Yan, Albert De Boer, Martin Faber, Rohini Gupta, Michael T. Tolley
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wiley 2025-05-01
Series:Advanced Intelligent Systems
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202400876
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author Yichen Zhai
Jiayao Yan
Albert De Boer
Martin Faber
Rohini Gupta
Michael T. Tolley
author_facet Yichen Zhai
Jiayao Yan
Albert De Boer
Martin Faber
Rohini Gupta
Michael T. Tolley
author_sort Yichen Zhai
collection DOAJ
description The fully automated fabrication of robots has long been a holy grail with the potential to revolutionize various industries, including manufacturing, construction, disaster relief, and space exploration. 3D printing offers a promising approach to automation, but the ability to print entire, complex robots with multiple materials remains limited. Previous approaches have simplified robot manufacturing by using fluidic control circuits, but these rely on labor‐intensive methods like silicone molding and manual assembly, limiting accessibility and replicability. Recent work, including this work, has demonstrated 3D‐printed robotic grippers and crawlers with embedded control circuits, but generating cyclic control outputs for legged locomotion in rough terrain remains challenging. This study addresses the challenge with a monolithic 3D‐printable four‐phase bistable oscillating valve, capable of generating coordinated motion of multiple limbs from a steady source of pressurized air. The ability of the oscillator to control an electronics‐free autonomous legged robot capable of walking on rough terrain, which can be fully fabricated on a desktop 3D printer without postassembly is demonstrated. The robot is operational immediately upon connection to an air supply. This development marks a significant step toward accessible, customizable, and biodegradable autonomous soft robots that can be produced using desktop 3D printers with no human intervention.
format Article
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issn 2640-4567
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publishDate 2025-05-01
publisher Wiley
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series Advanced Intelligent Systems
spelling doaj-art-19eaa19798894f2ea83287eeb92ee4c82025-08-20T02:32:56ZengWileyAdvanced Intelligent Systems2640-45672025-05-0175n/an/a10.1002/aisy.202400876Monolithic Desktop Digital Fabrication of Autonomous Walking RobotsYichen Zhai0Jiayao Yan1Albert De Boer2Martin Faber3Rohini Gupta4Michael T. Tolley5Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USADepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USABASF 3D Printing Solutions B.V. 7821 AT Emmen The NetherlandsBASF 3D Printing Solutions B.V. 7821 AT Emmen The NetherlandsCalifornia Research Alliance BASF Corporation Berkeley CA 94720 USADepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USAThe fully automated fabrication of robots has long been a holy grail with the potential to revolutionize various industries, including manufacturing, construction, disaster relief, and space exploration. 3D printing offers a promising approach to automation, but the ability to print entire, complex robots with multiple materials remains limited. Previous approaches have simplified robot manufacturing by using fluidic control circuits, but these rely on labor‐intensive methods like silicone molding and manual assembly, limiting accessibility and replicability. Recent work, including this work, has demonstrated 3D‐printed robotic grippers and crawlers with embedded control circuits, but generating cyclic control outputs for legged locomotion in rough terrain remains challenging. This study addresses the challenge with a monolithic 3D‐printable four‐phase bistable oscillating valve, capable of generating coordinated motion of multiple limbs from a steady source of pressurized air. The ability of the oscillator to control an electronics‐free autonomous legged robot capable of walking on rough terrain, which can be fully fabricated on a desktop 3D printer without postassembly is demonstrated. The robot is operational immediately upon connection to an air supply. This development marks a significant step toward accessible, customizable, and biodegradable autonomous soft robots that can be produced using desktop 3D printers with no human intervention.https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202400876automated fabricationautonomous walking robotsdesktop 3D printingpneumatic oscillating circuits
spellingShingle Yichen Zhai
Jiayao Yan
Albert De Boer
Martin Faber
Rohini Gupta
Michael T. Tolley
Monolithic Desktop Digital Fabrication of Autonomous Walking Robots
Advanced Intelligent Systems
automated fabrication
autonomous walking robots
desktop 3D printing
pneumatic oscillating circuits
title Monolithic Desktop Digital Fabrication of Autonomous Walking Robots
title_full Monolithic Desktop Digital Fabrication of Autonomous Walking Robots
title_fullStr Monolithic Desktop Digital Fabrication of Autonomous Walking Robots
title_full_unstemmed Monolithic Desktop Digital Fabrication of Autonomous Walking Robots
title_short Monolithic Desktop Digital Fabrication of Autonomous Walking Robots
title_sort monolithic desktop digital fabrication of autonomous walking robots
topic automated fabrication
autonomous walking robots
desktop 3D printing
pneumatic oscillating circuits
url https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202400876
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AT albertdeboer monolithicdesktopdigitalfabricationofautonomouswalkingrobots
AT martinfaber monolithicdesktopdigitalfabricationofautonomouswalkingrobots
AT rohinigupta monolithicdesktopdigitalfabricationofautonomouswalkingrobots
AT michaelttolley monolithicdesktopdigitalfabricationofautonomouswalkingrobots