Students’ subjective well-being, school bullying, and belonging during the COVID-19 pandemic: Comparison between PISA 2018 and PISA 2022

Abstract It is acknowledged that there are close relations among students’ subjective well-being, school bullying, and belonging. However, it is a dearth of exploring students’ subjective well-being, school bullying, and belonging during the COVID-19 pandemic using a large-scale data with comparativ...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Jian Li, Eryong Xue, Wenrui Zhou, Shuxuan Guo, Yimei Zheng
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer Nature 2025-01-01
Series:Humanities & Social Sciences Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-04340-3
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
_version_ 1850075587155066880
author Jian Li
Eryong Xue
Wenrui Zhou
Shuxuan Guo
Yimei Zheng
author_facet Jian Li
Eryong Xue
Wenrui Zhou
Shuxuan Guo
Yimei Zheng
author_sort Jian Li
collection DOAJ
description Abstract It is acknowledged that there are close relations among students’ subjective well-being, school bullying, and belonging. However, it is a dearth of exploring students’ subjective well-being, school bullying, and belonging during the COVID-19 pandemic using a large-scale data with comparative perspectives. Thus, this study used Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018 and 2022 data to explore the factors that influenced students’ subjective well-being (SWB) in six countries and regions (the United Arab Emirates, Ireland, Panama, Mexico, Spain, and Hong Kong, China) and examine changes in these factors from 2018 to 2022. 153,052 students were assessed in 2018 and 2022, of which 78,257 were assessed in 2018 and 74,795 were assessed in 2022. The results showed that students’ SWB was significantly lower in 2022 than in 2018. Individual factors had the greatest influence on students’ SWB, and this influence increased from 2018 to 2022. The influence of family factors also increased during this period, whereas the influence of school factors decreased. The factor that was most closely related to SWB changed from parent-child relationships (2018) to students’ health level (2022), which significantly predicted students’ SWB. School bullying had a significant negative impact on students’ SWB, and the need to repeat the grade had a weak negative impact on SWB. In addition, school belonging played a mediating role in the relationship between bullying and students’ SWB, and the influence of students’ family economic status on their SWB was moderated by students’ peer relationships, teacher-student relationships, and parent-child relationships. This study also contributes to timely and effective educational and psychological interventions and implications for students’ subjective well-being, school bullying, and belonging under similar public health emergencies globally.
format Article
id doaj-art-1980171ccebf4c278f3de726fac88e8f
institution DOAJ
issn 2662-9992
language English
publishDate 2025-01-01
publisher Springer Nature
record_format Article
series Humanities & Social Sciences Communications
spelling doaj-art-1980171ccebf4c278f3de726fac88e8f2025-08-20T02:46:16ZengSpringer NatureHumanities & Social Sciences Communications2662-99922025-01-0112111410.1057/s41599-024-04340-3Students’ subjective well-being, school bullying, and belonging during the COVID-19 pandemic: Comparison between PISA 2018 and PISA 2022Jian Li0Eryong Xue1Wenrui Zhou2Shuxuan Guo3Yimei Zheng4Institute of International and Comparative Education, Beijing Normal UniversityChina Institute of Education Policy, Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal UniversityFaculty of Education, Beijing Normal UniversityFaculty of Education, Beijing Normal UniversityFaculty of Education, Beijing Normal UniversityAbstract It is acknowledged that there are close relations among students’ subjective well-being, school bullying, and belonging. However, it is a dearth of exploring students’ subjective well-being, school bullying, and belonging during the COVID-19 pandemic using a large-scale data with comparative perspectives. Thus, this study used Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018 and 2022 data to explore the factors that influenced students’ subjective well-being (SWB) in six countries and regions (the United Arab Emirates, Ireland, Panama, Mexico, Spain, and Hong Kong, China) and examine changes in these factors from 2018 to 2022. 153,052 students were assessed in 2018 and 2022, of which 78,257 were assessed in 2018 and 74,795 were assessed in 2022. The results showed that students’ SWB was significantly lower in 2022 than in 2018. Individual factors had the greatest influence on students’ SWB, and this influence increased from 2018 to 2022. The influence of family factors also increased during this period, whereas the influence of school factors decreased. The factor that was most closely related to SWB changed from parent-child relationships (2018) to students’ health level (2022), which significantly predicted students’ SWB. School bullying had a significant negative impact on students’ SWB, and the need to repeat the grade had a weak negative impact on SWB. In addition, school belonging played a mediating role in the relationship between bullying and students’ SWB, and the influence of students’ family economic status on their SWB was moderated by students’ peer relationships, teacher-student relationships, and parent-child relationships. This study also contributes to timely and effective educational and psychological interventions and implications for students’ subjective well-being, school bullying, and belonging under similar public health emergencies globally.https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-04340-3
spellingShingle Jian Li
Eryong Xue
Wenrui Zhou
Shuxuan Guo
Yimei Zheng
Students’ subjective well-being, school bullying, and belonging during the COVID-19 pandemic: Comparison between PISA 2018 and PISA 2022
Humanities & Social Sciences Communications
title Students’ subjective well-being, school bullying, and belonging during the COVID-19 pandemic: Comparison between PISA 2018 and PISA 2022
title_full Students’ subjective well-being, school bullying, and belonging during the COVID-19 pandemic: Comparison between PISA 2018 and PISA 2022
title_fullStr Students’ subjective well-being, school bullying, and belonging during the COVID-19 pandemic: Comparison between PISA 2018 and PISA 2022
title_full_unstemmed Students’ subjective well-being, school bullying, and belonging during the COVID-19 pandemic: Comparison between PISA 2018 and PISA 2022
title_short Students’ subjective well-being, school bullying, and belonging during the COVID-19 pandemic: Comparison between PISA 2018 and PISA 2022
title_sort students subjective well being school bullying and belonging during the covid 19 pandemic comparison between pisa 2018 and pisa 2022
url https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-04340-3
work_keys_str_mv AT jianli studentssubjectivewellbeingschoolbullyingandbelongingduringthecovid19pandemiccomparisonbetweenpisa2018andpisa2022
AT eryongxue studentssubjectivewellbeingschoolbullyingandbelongingduringthecovid19pandemiccomparisonbetweenpisa2018andpisa2022
AT wenruizhou studentssubjectivewellbeingschoolbullyingandbelongingduringthecovid19pandemiccomparisonbetweenpisa2018andpisa2022
AT shuxuanguo studentssubjectivewellbeingschoolbullyingandbelongingduringthecovid19pandemiccomparisonbetweenpisa2018andpisa2022
AT yimeizheng studentssubjectivewellbeingschoolbullyingandbelongingduringthecovid19pandemiccomparisonbetweenpisa2018andpisa2022