Soil microbial responses to multiple global change factors as assessed by metagenomics

Abstract Anthropogenic activities impose multiple concurrent pressures on soils globally, but responses of soil microbes to multiple global change factors are poorly understood. Here, we apply 10 treatments (warming, drought, nitrogen deposition, salinity, heavy metal, microplastics, antibiotics, fu...

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Main Authors: Álvaro Rodríguez del Río, Stefan Scheu, Matthias C. Rillig
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-05-01
Series:Nature Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60390-4
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author Álvaro Rodríguez del Río
Stefan Scheu
Matthias C. Rillig
author_facet Álvaro Rodríguez del Río
Stefan Scheu
Matthias C. Rillig
author_sort Álvaro Rodríguez del Río
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Anthropogenic activities impose multiple concurrent pressures on soils globally, but responses of soil microbes to multiple global change factors are poorly understood. Here, we apply 10 treatments (warming, drought, nitrogen deposition, salinity, heavy metal, microplastics, antibiotics, fungicides, herbicides and insecticides) individually and in combinations of 8 factors to soil samples, and monitor their bacterial and viral composition by metagenomic analysis. We recover 742 mostly unknown bacterial and 1865 viral Metagenome-Assembled Genomes (MAGs), and leverage them to describe microbial populations under different treatment conditions. The application of multiple factors selects for prokaryotic and viral communities different from any individual factor, favouring the proliferation of potentially pathogenic mycobacteria and novel phages, which apparently play a role in shaping prokaryote communities. We also build a 25 M gene catalog to show that multiple factors select for metabolically diverse, sessile and non-biofilm-forming bacteria with a high load of antibiotic resistance genes. Finally, we show that novel genes are relevant for understanding microbial response to global change. Our study indicates that multiple factors impose selective pressures on soil prokaryotes and viruses not observed at the individual factor level, and emphasizes the need of studying the effect of concurrent global change treatments.
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spelling doaj-art-191e77545531404381073f4180df4e0d2025-08-20T03:16:55ZengNature PortfolioNature Communications2041-17232025-05-0116111310.1038/s41467-025-60390-4Soil microbial responses to multiple global change factors as assessed by metagenomicsÁlvaro Rodríguez del Río0Stefan Scheu1Matthias C. Rillig2Institute of Biology, Freie Universität BerlinJFB Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of GöttingenInstitute of Biology, Freie Universität BerlinAbstract Anthropogenic activities impose multiple concurrent pressures on soils globally, but responses of soil microbes to multiple global change factors are poorly understood. Here, we apply 10 treatments (warming, drought, nitrogen deposition, salinity, heavy metal, microplastics, antibiotics, fungicides, herbicides and insecticides) individually and in combinations of 8 factors to soil samples, and monitor their bacterial and viral composition by metagenomic analysis. We recover 742 mostly unknown bacterial and 1865 viral Metagenome-Assembled Genomes (MAGs), and leverage them to describe microbial populations under different treatment conditions. The application of multiple factors selects for prokaryotic and viral communities different from any individual factor, favouring the proliferation of potentially pathogenic mycobacteria and novel phages, which apparently play a role in shaping prokaryote communities. We also build a 25 M gene catalog to show that multiple factors select for metabolically diverse, sessile and non-biofilm-forming bacteria with a high load of antibiotic resistance genes. Finally, we show that novel genes are relevant for understanding microbial response to global change. Our study indicates that multiple factors impose selective pressures on soil prokaryotes and viruses not observed at the individual factor level, and emphasizes the need of studying the effect of concurrent global change treatments.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60390-4
spellingShingle Álvaro Rodríguez del Río
Stefan Scheu
Matthias C. Rillig
Soil microbial responses to multiple global change factors as assessed by metagenomics
Nature Communications
title Soil microbial responses to multiple global change factors as assessed by metagenomics
title_full Soil microbial responses to multiple global change factors as assessed by metagenomics
title_fullStr Soil microbial responses to multiple global change factors as assessed by metagenomics
title_full_unstemmed Soil microbial responses to multiple global change factors as assessed by metagenomics
title_short Soil microbial responses to multiple global change factors as assessed by metagenomics
title_sort soil microbial responses to multiple global change factors as assessed by metagenomics
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60390-4
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AT stefanscheu soilmicrobialresponsestomultipleglobalchangefactorsasassessedbymetagenomics
AT matthiascrillig soilmicrobialresponsestomultipleglobalchangefactorsasassessedbymetagenomics